nformati - Roshan Herath . Gelioya ( Sri Lanka ).

Why we Forward emails?????

2011-10-11T07:12:00.001+05:30

Life is the first gift,
Love is the second,
Understanding is the third.

Sometimes, we think of why friends keep
forwarding mails to us
without writing a single word........
Maybe this could explain why..........

When you have nothing to say,
still want to keep contact,
guess what you do,
you forward mails.

When you have something to say,
but don't know what,
and don't know how,
guess what you do,
you forward mails.

When you have a lot to say,
and don't know why,
guess what you do,
you forward mails.

When you are still wanted,
when you are still remembered,
when you are still important,
when you are still loved,
when you are still missed,
guess what you get
A Forwarded Mail.

So dear friends and family
next time if I forward you a mail
don't think I have only sent you a mail
but I've remembered you in my heart.

references: accessed on 11-oct-11
http://www.prokerala.com/community/showthread.php?t=395
http://my.opera.com/Mayur/blog/show.dml/329545

why people fall in love?

2011-09-07T22:34:00.002+05:30

people fall in love because they need to find the lost part of their life to succeed their life.life will be unsuccessful and unhappy without that part. it bring them the happiness and the sadness as well. but, love will help them to defeat the every obstacle in their life.

people fall in love with someone because they can't love everyone in the world because they feel that they are comfortable with the person who loves to, than they are with others who doesn't love to+helps to defeat every obstacle in life with the COURAGE that it gives.. (love helps to forget every sorrow of the life.)

this is the hardest question in life because fall in love doesn't depends on the beauty, wealth or anything that the other person has.

it's hard to do studies while doing a job.

2011-08-24T22:48:00.001+05:30

it's hard to do studies while doing a job. We have to do assignments, discussion forums and quizzes as well. so, no time to do studies till the exam comes in front of us.

but, I have done it before as well. no worries then. just doing it. I know,finally, I could reach to the destination which I needed to reach.

there's no success without any effort.. there should be a target to succeed in life..

don't beg for the love if she/he don't care about you

2011-08-12T19:56:00.004+05:30

don't use facebook to say that you are falling love on someone. and don't beg for the love if she/he don't care about you. let her to go. take time and find a one who cares you. I know, it's easy to say and hard to do. but, you must.

thank you for calling sri lanka telecom call center.

2011-08-04T04:21:00.002+05:30

thank you for calling sri lanka telecom call center. I'll add a reminder for your complain sir..

so funny.
just complain.
then call them everyday to add reminders till the work get done.

sir, there could be a location problem that you use your mobitel 3G connection

2011-07-24T20:25:00.001+05:30

contacted mobitel srilanka help center to inform that I'm getting disconnected very often when I use my mobitel 3g connection in the evenings. the person who answered my call said thet "sir, there could be a location problem that you use your mobitel 3G connection".

so, I decided not to say anyone to buy mobitel 3-G in future.. If there's a location problem (as they say) that I'm using my dongle, how could I use my dongle in the morning without getting disconnected for hours?

I can't use my dongle in the evening not daytime. So, where's the QoS (quality of service) of mobitel? they should upgrade their network without advertising for 4G. they advertises for 4g, but average 3g users can't use their 3g connection at the evening. what's the use of a connection like this? I have to getup at night after 11PM or early in the morning (like 3AM) to surf the internet.

I think every other network should think to provide a good service at the evening.

(mobitel just advertising about their network and tells crazy things like location problems that we use the network.)

It's better if they could provide atleast 100kbp/s per every user at the evenings without getting disconnected. we don't need 96Mbp/s.I think we don't getting disconnected often when we use our connection at colombo. we just facing this when we use it from outside of colombo. Is it "colambata kiri, gamata kekiri (කොළඔට කිරි, ගමට කැකිරි)" method?

FINALLY I HAVE TO ASK, HOW COULD WE HAVE A LOCATION PROBLEM, IF WE COULD USE M3 IN THE MORNING AND HOW COULD WE FACE TO A LOCATION PROBLEM JUST IN THE EVENINGS.

An interview with a journalist...(dream)

2010-04-16T13:10:00.003+05:30

I thought to write about a dream that I've seen on last-week
a journalist came to meet me to do an interview on myself for their magazine. here are the conversation that happened between us.

Hello sir. could you please tell me your full name?
Why should I tell you my name as you know my name?

Ok. tell me about your school
I didn't go to any school and I have attended to a college.

could you tell me your age?
of course. I'm 23 years old.

what did you do for sports when you schooling?
I've done running events, football and many other sports.

what are the running events you've involved in?
it's simply running when a dog barking on me.

how was the support that you got from your wife to be a successful person?
She agrees with everything what I say her to do and she tries to complete it on the level best of her.

It says both of you badly loves each other?
yeah.

But we know, your wife works as the MD at ASDF.co. Then how could she find free-time to help you?
I don't know a wife like that. Did I say I'm married?

If you didn't marry, how could there be a wife ?
Oh. you've got it wrong. My wife is my PC because she knows every secret of me and never tells those secrets to anyone.

I think you are playing with me?
no. I don't play with you.

what did you do for become so famous around the world?
I didn't do anything to be famous. I think you've made a mistake.

are you Mr.XYZ ?
no. he is in the next house..

Oh no! I'm sorry sir.
It's OK. I've enjoyed it well. thanks.

sorry for the grammar/spelling mistakes in this post.
---------
2010-04-16
rh

happy new year for all "Sri Lankans" and "the people who celebrates it"

2010-04-14T06:58:00.001+05:30

"සුබ අලුත් අවුරුද්දක් වේවා සැමටම ...!""happy new year for all "Sri Lankans" and "the people who celebrates it....!"
I would like to wish a happy new year for all "Sri Lankans". this is not a "religious festival". this is a "cultural festival". so, no need to mention it as "Sinhala-Hidu" or say "we are not Sinhala or Hindu." WE ALL ARE SRILANKANS....(THERE COULD BE SOME DIFFERENT RELIGIONS, BUT WE ARE ONLY ONE NATION CALLED "SRILANKANS")

Now I got to know that some Asian countries also celebrates this festival. So, I'd like to wish them too as " happy new year for all "Asians and the people who celebrates it"

Happy new year

Design your blogger template by yourself

2010-03-26T19:21:00.000+05:30

I found something new when I roaming in the internet. It's http://draft.blogger.com which helps to design more creative blogger templates than before as our wish.
I think if you are a blogger at blogger/blogspot (http://www.blogger.com) you could remember there was a limited number of templates to use inside blogger from the scratch. If we need to use another template, we had to find a good template and had to do many changes to use it under blogger/blogspot.

now blogger/blogspot gives us a new template designer by themselves. Try using http://draft.blogger.com url and crate your own template. If you are in doubt , simply log in to http://www.blogger.com and change "www" with the word "draft".
Then you will see a page saying " make blogger in draft my default Dashboard". It's your choice to decide your default dashboard. You can ignore it..

Then click on the "layout" link of your blog.
You'll see an additional link saying "template designer". Click on it and go to the page. You'll find many valuable features to change/edit your template. If you have done somthing wrong , there is a link to "reset" the edits to default. You could see a preview while you doing changes to the template. (template designer shows the place which we do our changes by highligting them at the "bottom" of the page.

Then click on the "view blog" to see how could you see the blog and click on the "APPLY TO BLOG" if you satisfy with your template.

How to control your privacy in facebook?

2010-03-12T12:43:00.000+05:30

Wanna know how to control your privacy when using facebook? read this guide which created by me..
http://www.box.net/shared/aoj17poati
http://www.box.net/shared/aoj17poati

Rise Up - by Yves Larock

2010-03-09T22:56:00.002+05:30

My dream is to fly
Over the rainbow so high

My dream is to fly
Over the rainbow so high

My dream is to fly
Over the rainbow so high

eh.. eh.. eh..
over the rainbow so high.

My dream is to fly
Over the rainbow so high (x4)

Rise Up
don’t falling down again

Rise Up
long time I broke Its hands.

I try to fly a while so high
direction’s sky

I try to fly a while so high
direction’s sky

My dream is to fly
Over the rainbow so high (x4)

Song Information

Released 2007
Genre Pop, Dance, House
Length 4:00
Label Universal
Writers Yves Cheminade, Jaba Gawan Seiler, Pascal Brunkow
Producer Yves Larock

Friend or Foe - by TATU

2010-03-09T22:47:00.002+05:30

"Friend Or Foe"

Is it too late
Nothing to salvage
You look away
Clear all the damage

The meaning to
All words of love
Has disappeared
We used to love one another
Give to each other
Lie under covers so,
Are you friend or foe

Love one another
Live for each other
So, are you friend or foe
Cause I used to know

The promises
Hollow concessions
And innocent show of affection
I touch your hand
A hologram
Are you still there
We used to love one another
Give to each other
Lie under covers so,
Are you friend or foe

Love one another
Live for each other
So, are you friend or foe
Cause I used to know
Is it too late
Nothing to salvage
You look away
Clear all the damage
The meaning to
All words of love
Has disappeared
We used to love one another
Give to each other
Lie under covers so,
Are you friend or foe

Love one another
Live for each other
So, are you friend or foe
Cause I used to know

effectiveness & efficiency and the use of them

2010-02-25T16:52:00.000+05:30

1. Discuss the difference between effectiveness & efficiency with suitable examples.

In management terms, efficiency is "doing things right" and effectiveness is doing the right things"

Effectiveness relates the input or the output to the final objectives to be achieved (the outcome)

efficiency=quality/Input quantity
Effectiveness=objectives/Input Quantity

In management, effectiveness relates to getting the right things done. Peter Drucker reminds us that effectiveness is an important discipline which “can be learned and must be earned.”

The effectiveness is more difficult to assess than efficiency, since the outcome is influenced political choice. The effectiveness shows the success of the resources used in achieving the objectives set.

Example:
When deploying a transport service, efficiency and effectiveness both comes together to complete the task successfully. In this scenario, effectiveness could be identified by "buying/hiring" vehicles. It means the management should understand the use of the vehicles before buy/hire them. If the management buy wrong type of vehicles to use them for transport service, will lead to bankrupt because some vehicles will not meet the requirements well and will not provide the service which has expected. Some vehicles will not enough for passengers and will make to hire more vehicles. Then it will lead to increase the staff and will make more expenses (vehicle expenses/ salaries to the staff)
Then shall we talk about the efficiency. If the transport service provide the services at unneeded times that less number of passengers using the service, the service will not make profits. So, using a timetable is a must when thinking about the efficiency. It means "doing things right".

2. Which is more important for performance? and Can managers improve both simultaneously?

Efficiency and effectiveness both comes together because both of them are connected to each other. We can't think about the effectiveness without efficiency and we can't think about the efficiency without effectiveness.

Efficiency alone will put the company on the fast track to bankrupt .

Effectiveness (efficacy) alone *may * allow the company to survive. How ever the company will not reach it's maximum potential if it is inefficient.

Low Efficiency / High Effectiveness

there is a right goal, but less/poor usage of resources. (leads to expansive result)

High Efficiency / Low Effectiveness

Inappropriate goals but right usage of resources. (leads to deliver unwanted products at lower price)

Low Efficiency / Low Effectiveness

Works on a wrong target and less/poor usage of resources. (leads to deliver expensive, unwanted products)

High Efficiency /High Effectiveness

Works on a Right goal using right resources in a right way. (delivers good/useful products at affordable price)

So, effectiveness & efficiency relates to each other by connecting inputs, outputs and outcomes.

Programming best practices

2010-02-25T16:49:00.000+05:30

good programming practices
using best practices when developing a program/project will help to make successful product without bugs. here are some best practices which needs to follow when developing a project.

Omit needless codes

Needless codes will make the codes unreadable and hard to understand. It will make hard to find the errors when any error has occur. Needless codes will add “lines of code” to the project and will support to earn more money to the developer. But when he/she needs to troubleshoot, needless codes will make hard to find the errors. Sometimes the needless codes will make some critical/hard to identify errors.

Identify duplicate codes

Identifying duplicate codes will helps to remove unnecessary “lines of codes” and will ease the debugging process. Editing the same code at several places will waste some time and delays the deployment of the project. So, it's better if the developer could identify duplicate codes and use that particular code at one place and linking that code to everyplace that needed. It will ease the editing/debugging process because developer no need to find everyplace to edit/debug and editing/debugging a single place will affects to the everyplace which the code is linked.

Using less number of “lines of codes”

When lines of code increased , the project will become large/heavy in size and hard to troubleshoot. So,the developer should use less number of “lines of codes”. Then the project will be smaller in size and will ease the troubleshooting process.

Commenting the codes

When developing a project, it's better if the developer could “comment” the every part of the program. It will helps to identify the usage of that particular “lines of code” and will ease the management/troubleshooting/update process of the program at later time.

Plan Development Process/Life-cycle

Planning the development process/life-cycle helps to determine every part of the development according to a structured plan. Then developer will not forget to do something important on his/her development process.

Plan the time line

Planning the time line will help to identify every work which have to do according to the time and developer could identify what should do in particular day and he/she could predict the development process according to the time.

Gathering Requirements.

Gathering requirements helps to develop the exact program which needs to built. If not programmer will end up with missing some requirements and will be unsuccessful. If the programmer didn't develop the program to fulfill the needs/requirements then developing the program will be useless.

Design

Selecting a suitable design will ease to use program by the user.

Coding separate parts and integrate them in to the main program.

It will ease troubleshoot and testing process as well as the coding process.

Testing

Without testing the developer can't identify the errors. If the developer didn't test his/her codes till the end of the development process, when he/she find any error will make him to edit/code many “lines of code” and it will make many errors. Editing many “lines of code” at the last time will make the programmer unsuccessful.

Performance testing

programmer should develop the program to give the actual performance to the user. So, performance testing will help to identify the missing parts and several errors which leads to minimize the performance.

Deployment

This is the last stage of the development process. This is the stage that user gets the project. Sometimes it will be failed due to some reasons and if it failed , user can't use the project as expected. Before deployment, developer should check a “deployment checklist” to ensure that user could use the product as expected.

System operations and support

There should be a method to identify errors when running the program. So, if there is a method to collect/identify the errors/bugs when running the program will be ease the work of “debugging”

Data migration

It's better if the program could support to the files/data which used in older/other programs. It will help to save the time to enter data into the new program because if there is an older program, user could use the data which associated with that old program inside the new program.

Project Management

Project management is the main part of the development process and it ensures that the existence programming best practices and follows the best practices.

Measuring success

checking the final project meets the industry standards.

Source:
Best practices for software development projects
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/websphere/library/techarticles/0306_perks/perks2.html
Accessed on 02/24/2010 07:16 AM

A new day has come...

2010-02-19T00:03:00.002+05:30

Is the world is equal to a Ball? or is it a Plate? Is the world is beautiful? or isn't beautiful? Doesn't a matter if the world is a Ball or a Plate or it's beautiful or isn't beautiful. A new day has come..

Lyrics - Mandy Moore - Cry

2010-02-14T00:07:00.000+05:30

I'll always remember
It was late afternoon
It lasted forever
And ended so soon (yea)
You were all by yourself
Staring up at a dark gray sky
I was changed

In places no one will find
All your feelings so deep inside (deep inside)
Was there that I realized
That forever was in your eyes
The moment I saw you cry (cry)

Moment that I saw you cry

It was late in September
And I've seen you before (seen you before)
You were always the cold one
But I was never that sure

You were all by yourself
Staring up at a dark gray sky
I was changed

In places no one will find
All your feelings so deep inside (deep inside)
Was there that I realized
That forever was in your eyes
The moment I saw you cry

I wanted to hold you
I wanted to make it go away
I wanted to know you
I wanted to make your everything, all right....

I'll always remember...
It was late afternoon...
In places no one will find...
(Baby oh no nooooo)

In places no one will find
All your feelings so deep inside
(forever was in your eyes)
It was there that I realized
That forever was in your eyes
The moment I saw you cry
Baby cry
The moment that I saw you cry
I think I saw you cry
The moment I saw you cry

Fade out
I wanted to know you
I wanted to know you
I wanted to know you

Lyrics- Celine Dion - Eyes On Me

2010-02-13T06:31:00.000+05:30

I know that once in love
You don't think of the devil who's inside
And maybe it will come one day
When you'll feel safe and I won't have the time

You hear what you wanna hear
Play it once I could disappear
Some rules to the game of me
Get it right for both of us

Just say what you wanna say
I've got it to give away
We both want to make it last
So keep your eyes on me
Your eyes on me

It's not an illusion
That you're the one
And I have fallen deep
I said it from the start
When we're apart
You must only think of me

Temptation is all around
Take good care of what you found
That's why when I turn around
You better keep
You better keep your eyes on me
No matter what you think I need
No matter what you once believed
If you're mine

So you better say

No matter what you think of me
No it doesn't really matter what you once believed
I wanna be the air you breathe
Yeah you better be everything you said you'd be

I'm gonna be your only one
We really can't go on
No matter what you think of me
You better keep your eyes on me

You say that you want me
Open up your heart
Even if it's hard
Say that you need me
Then let him know
Baby don't put on a show

You say that you need me
Tell him how you feel
Let him know it's real
And if you love me
Never turn your back
Gonna keep my eyes on there

Temptation is all around
Take good care of what you found
That's why when I turn around
You better keep
You better keep your eyes on me
No matter what you think I need
No matter what you once believed
If you're mine

So you better say

No matter what you think of me
No it doesn't really matter what you once believed
I wanna be the air you breathe
Yeah you better be everything you said you'd be

I'm gonna be your only one
We really can't go on
No matter what you think of me
You better keep your eyes on me
Your eyes on me
Your eyes on me

Pros and Cons of the HTML

2010-02-10T21:09:00.001+05:30

this is an another post of mine for our LMS-forum...

HTML stands for "Hyper Text Markup Language" and it's widely spread all around the web.

there are many advantages of HTML and I think there aren't too many disadvantages.

Advantages

We can use HTML mixed with scripting languages like JavaScript.
HTML is easier to learn (for me)
HTML could be read using many programs like email clients, web browsers and many.
Runs on the client side. So, we could view the source using a web-browser.
Universal, versatile and free to use.
Supports to multiple platforms. ( doesn't matter if that HTML page was created using a Windows PC or a MAC, that page runs well on Linux as well.)
Could be read using even a text mode web-browser.
Easy to read by the Search Engines.
Many scripting languages like php needed to use HTML. (when creating forms using php we couldn't do it using just php and HTML helps to the scene to make easier the creation of the form)
No need to install anything in to the client PC although it runs in the client side.
Lightweight. (html pages are consists from texts and because of that reason the pages are very small in size)so it's easy to upload and download. (in to the server and from the server)

Disadvantages ( I think there aren't too many disadvantages of HTML)

HTML is far behind than other languages because it's "Static" language.
Couldn't used for Database connectivity.
Couldn't create Dynamic pages using just HTML only. need to mix some other scripting languages with it to create dynamic pages.
Lack of security. But it doesn't matter because other scripting languages help it and never used (HTML only) for any secure web pages.
need to create several pages when distributing. It means there will be several/many files. (we could distribute as one file for everything when using a programming language)

How networking helps to a bank ...

2010-02-10T06:33:00.000+05:30

this is an another post of mine for our LMS forum...

Banking System needs a very good network with its every branch. If not, customers couldn't deposit or withdraw money from everywhere in the island and they will have to go to the branch that they opened their accounts when they needs to deposit or withdraw money. because every branch is connected to each other, customers wouldn't face to any difficult when banking for their needs and they can do their banking needs at any branch in the island. It means , if anyone borrowed any loan from any branch, he or she could pay it using any branch of the bank.

If there's a bank without the network, customers never come to that bank to do their banking needs, because if any customer done any banking with any branch, he or she should come to that particular branch to do the rest of their banking. It makes the customer unhappy.

Keeping the customer happy and making their works too easy , attracts more customers to the business.
Networking helps to ease the management of the bank by a central location.

If there is a natural disaster or something occurred and if any branch becomes faulty and out-of-service, customers could use another branch to do their banking needs.

So, networking is essential to the banking system in Sri-Lanka.

The future computer in 10 years of time

2010-01-27T23:53:00.000+05:30

Here is a article which I have written for a discussion forum of our BIT website.

Question:

Imagine that you need to order a computer in 10 years time for your personal use. What type of a computer would you expect to have by then. If you see it different from the current PCs, just indicate why you foresee such a change.

Answer:

I think the computers in 10 years of time will be very different than now. People will think about the protection of their data and availability of data. So, people will prefer to use “on line storage” than storing the files on a Hard disk drive. So, no need to use hard disks with high memory capacity. So, manufacturers will make computers without a hard disk. Most of the time, computer will be having only a “web browser” and all the softwares will be installed in the Internet. (currently google tries to do so and “Chrome-OS” will be play more role on it) Then no need to pay for the operating system and softwares because a flat rate of subscription will provide every software needs. What it means is the Internet will be essential to day to day life. So, ever computer will be having inbuilt “High speed data devices” to access to the Internet.

As a result of people live in a very busy, and communication world, people will use “Laptop” computers than now. It will help them to live their mobile life very easily. Manufacturers will make more powerful laptop computers with low weight to easily carry everywhere. “Nuclear cell” batteries will be provide more accurate electricity/current for a long time.

Now, it's not a fiction a computer without a keyboard because Apple Inc has announced a model of a computer without a keyboard. User could type using an “on-screen keyboard” from the movement of his/her eyes. Then no need to type by hand. Then the computer will only be a Screen. By 10 years time, the computer monitor will be a thin paper which could keep inside the pocket.

Artificial intelligence is the main idea of the 5th generation computers. By 10 years of time people will be able to use computer by Voice. Then no need to type anymore and people who blind could use a computer without any difficulties. People could spend their time by talking with the computer when they are lonely. Computer will be provide advices to the user when needed.

I would like to wish you for the year 2010

2009-12-31T06:48:00.002+05:30

Year 2009 is over, and it's the time to the year 2010.

Before the new year,

Try to think/find-out what you have done and didn't
Try to figure out what others done for you to make you happy
Try to forget what others done to make you sad
Try to forgive who made you sad.

In the year 2010, try to do the best for you and for the society while you live .

"Aim to the top. It's less crowded there" (-I found this quote from a teacher. It's hard, It's easy if you have an aim/target)

There is a bad person and a good person inside everyone's body. Bad person is a negative/lazy thinker and always see the negative side of the everything. Good person is the positive thinker and always try to figure-out the positive side of the everything and isn't lazy. So, try to live with the good person if you need to make your life success.

I would like to wish you to have a happy, prosperous, successful year 2010 with your loved-ones. Hope it will be a memorable and successful year than the year 2009.

PS: there could be some mistakes. Please forgive me and help me to correct them.

generate/create powerful/customized passwords using the command " pwgen " on Linux Command Line

2009-12-30T09:36:00.000+05:30

When anyone registering with a website , it may say " your password must have 8 or more characters and it should be a combination of a-z, A-Z, 0-9, and atleast a symbol. Then what should you do? most probably you have to create a new password to meet with these requirements because you didn't have a password which meets with these requirements.
If you are a Linux user you can use your Linux Command line to create a random, powerful password which can't be guessed by anyone.
First of all you must have "pwgen" to generate new passwords using Linux Command line. When you type pwgen in your terminal it should show some passwords which has generated randomly. If it show these message similar to this "bash: pwgen: command not found" when you type pwgen, it means you didn't have pwgen installd in your system. So, use your "package manager" to install it. After installing pwgen, you can type pwgen and view some random passwords. You can use pwgen with some options to meet your password requirements. use "pwgen --help" to see available options on the command. This command generates random passwords and you can't see the same password twice by using the pwgen command with the same options.

Here is the syntax you could use this pwgen command to generate passwords.
pwgen [ OPTIONS ] [ pw_length ] [ num_pw ]

[ OPTIONS ] -means availabe customizations for pwgen. you can use several options at one time, but all of theose options should not be seperated by spaces or something. but when you start using options, it should contain - mark before the first option that you call.
[ pw_length ] is the character length of the password that you need.
[ num_pw ] here you can say the number of passwords needed.

when using these options don't use bracket [ ] marks.

Options supported by pwgen:
-c or --capitalize
    Include at least one capital letter in the password

-A or --no-capitalize
    Don't include capital letters in the password

-n or --numerals
    Include at least one number in the password

-0 or --no-numerals
    Don't include numbers in the password

-y or --symbols
    Include at least one special symbol in the password

-s or --secure
    Generate completely random passwords

-B or --ambiguous
    Don't include ambiguous characters in the password

-h or --help
    Print a help message

-H or --sha1=path/to/file[#seed]
    Use sha1 hash of given file as a (not so) random generator

-C
    Print the generated passwords in columns

-1
    Don't print the generated passwords in columns

-v or --no-vowels
    Do not use any vowels so as to avoid accidental nasty words

Technorati Tags: Linux, pwgen

pwgen භාවිතා කර Linux command line එකෙන් මුරපද හදමු.

2009-12-30T07:59:00.006+05:30

මුරපදයක් යනු වර්තමානයෙ දී ඉතා වැදගත් දෙයකි. එය යම් තරමකින්වත් අාරක්ෂිත මුරපදයක් නොවුවහොත් ඔබගෙ අන්තර්ජාල ගිණුම් වලට අනවසර පුද්ගලයින් අැතුල් වී ඔබට සිතා ගත නෙෙහැකි ප්රතිපල උදාකරවීමට ඉඩ අැත. තවද සමහර වෙබ් අඩවි වල ලියාපදිංචි වන විට අප විසින් සාමාන්යයෙන් භාවිතා කරන මුරපදය පිලිනොගැනීමට ඉඩ අැත. ( සමහර වෙබ් අඩවි වල ලියාපදිංචි වන විට ලබා දෙන මුරපදය එම වෙබ් අඩවිය මගින් ඉල්ලා සිටින අාකාරයට ලබා දිය යුතුය. එනම් සමහරවිට මුරපදයතුල ඉංග්රිසි කැපිටල් අකුරක්, ඉංග්රිසි සිම්පල් අකුරක්, ඉලක්කමක්, සංකෙතයක් (symbol) හා මුරපදය අවම වශයෙන් අක්ෂර (characters) 8 කින් යුක්ත විය යුතු යැයි ප්රකාශ කරයි. මෙවිට ඔබට සිදුවන්ෙන් නව මුරපදයක් තැනීමටය. මෙම මුරපදය ඔබට පහසුවෙන් මතක තබා ගත හැකි විය යුතු මෙන්ම අන් අයට අනුමාන කිරීමට අපහසු එකක්ද විය යුතුය.)
ඔබ ලිනක්ස් පරිෂීලකයෙක් නම් ඔබට අාරක්ෂිත මුරපදයක් සෑදීම වෙනුවෙන් මොළය වෙහෙසමින් කල්පනා කල යුතු නොෙව්. එනම් linux command line එක භාවිතා කර ඔබට උවමනා අාකාරයට මුරපදයක් තනාගත හැක. මෙයට අදාල විධානය pwgen ය. මෙහිදී ඔබට අවශ්ය මුරපදයෙ අාකාරය pwgen විධානය සමග ලබා දුන් විට මුරපදය තිරය මත පෙන්වයි. මෙහි දී මුලින් භාවිතා කල විධානයම නැවත ලබා දුන්නද ඔබට මුලින් පෙන්වූ මුරපදය නැවත වරක් නොපෙන්වයි. එනම් මෙහිදී මුරපද නිර්මාණය කරනුයෙ අහඹු ලෙසය.
linux command line එක මත pwgen විධානය සමග ලබා දුන් විට bash: pwgen: command not found අිකාරයෙන් පණිවුඩයක් දිස්වන්ෙන් නම් ඔබගෙ package manager එක භාවිත කර pwgen ස්ථාපනය කර ගන්න.

pwgen විධානය භාවිත කල යුතු අාකාරය පහත දැක්වෙ.
pwgen [ OPTIONS ] [ pw_length ] [ num_pw ]

මෙහි [ OPTIONS ] යන ස්ථානයට ඔබට අවැසි මුරපදයෙ අාකාරය එනම් මුරපදයතුල ඉංග්රිසි කැපිටල් අකුරක්, ඉංග්රිසි සිම්පල් අකුරක්, ඉලක්කමක්, සංකෙතයක් (symbol) අවැසි දැයි ප්රකාශ කල හැක. OPTIONS ලබා දෙන විට අාරම්භයට - සලකුණ ලබා දීමට අමතක නොකල යුතුය.
[ pw_length ] යන ස්ථානයට ඔබට අවැසි මුරපදය සමන්විත විය යුතු අක්ෂර (characters) ගණන ලබා දිය හැක.
[ num_pw ] යන ස්ථානයට ඔබට අවැසි මුරපද ගණන ලබා දිය හැක. එනම් තිරය මත දිස්විය යුතු මුරපද ගණන ලබා දිය හැක
(මෙහිදී වරහන්, එනම් [ ] භාවිත නොකිරීමට වගබලා ගන්න.)

Options supported by pwgen:

-c or --capitalize
    අඩුම තරමින් එක capital අකුරක්වත් අැතුලත් විය යුතු බවට උපදෙස් දෙයි.

-A or --no-capitalize
    capital අකුරු අැතුලත් නො විය යුතු බවට උපදෙස් දෙයි.

-n or --numerals
    අඩුම තරමින් එක ඉලක්කමක් වත් අැතුලත් විය යුතු බවට උපදෙස් දෙයි.

-0 or --no-numerals
    ඉලක්කම් අැතුලත් නො විය යුතු බවට උපදෙස් දෙයි

-y or --symbols
    අඩුම තරමින් එක සලකුණක්වත් අැතුලත් විය යුතු බවට උපදෙස් දෙයි.

-s or --secure
    සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අහඹු මුරපද නිර්මාණය කරයි.

-B or --ambiguous
    Don't include ambiguous characters in the password

-h or --help
    pwgen හා අදාල උපකාරක පිටුව පෙන්වයි.

-H or --sha1=path/to/file[#seed]
    Use sha1 hash of given file as a (not so) random generator

-C
    නිර්මාණය කරන ලද මුරපද, තීරු ලෙස තිරය මත පෙන්වයි.

-1
    නිර්මාණය කරන ලද මුරපද, තීරු ලෙස තිරය මත නොපෙන්වයි.

-v or --no-vowels
    මුරපද නිර්මාණය කරන විට vowels භාවිතා නොකරයි. එවිට වදන් ලෙස ශබ්ද කල හැකි මුරපද නිර්මාණය නොකරයි.

Technorati Tags: pwgen

php හි Operators භාවිතා කිරීම. ( Comparison Operators - සංසන්දනය කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන Operators )

2009-12-26T11:49:00.001+05:30

නමින් කියැවෙන පරිදිම අගයන් 2 ක් සංසන්දනය කිරීමට භාවිතා කරයි.

අාකාර කීපයකි

==	Equal
===	Identical
!=	Not equal
<>	Not equal
!==	Not identical
<	Less than
>	Greater than
<=	Less than or equal to
>=	Greater than or equal to

== ( Equal )

වම් පස අගය දකුණු පස අගයට සමාන දැයි පරීක්ෂා කරයි.

$a == $b ( $a අගය $b අගයට සමාන නම් $a == $b යන්න සත්ය වෙි. )

$a === $b ( Identical )

වම් පස අගය දකුණු පස අගයට සමාන දැයි පරීක්ෂා කරයි. තවද එම අගයන් 2ම එකම අාකාරයෙ දැයි පරීක්ෂා කරයි.

$a == $b ( $a අගය $b අගයට සමාන නම් ද එකම අාකාරයෙ නම් ද $a === $b යන්න සත්ය වෙි. )

!= ( Not Equal )

වම් පස අගය දකුණු පස අගයට සමාන දැයි පරීක්ෂා කරයි.

$a != $b ( $a අගය $b අගයට සමාන නැති නම් $a != $b යන්න සත්ය වෙි. )

<> ( Not Equal )

වම් පස අගය දකුණු පස අගයට සමාන දැයි පරීක්ෂා කරයි.

$a <> $b ( $a අගය $b අගයට සමාන නැති නම් $a <> $b යන්න සත්ය වෙි. )

< ( Less than )

වම් පස අගය දකුණු පස අගයට වඩා අඩු දැයි පරීක්ෂා කරයි.

$a < $b ( $a අගය $b අගයට අඩු නම් $a < $b යන්න සත්ය වෙි. )

> ( Greater than )

වම් පස අගය දකුණුපස අගයට වඩා විශාල දැයි පරීක්ෂාකරයි.

$a > $b ( $a අගය $b අගයට විශාල නම් $a > $b යන්න සත්ය වෙි. )

<= ( Less than or equal to )

වම් පස අගය දකුණු පස අගයට අඩු/සමාන දැයි පරීක්ෂා කරයි.

$a <= $b ( $a අගය $b අගයට අඩු/සමාන නම් $a <= $b යන්න සත්ය වෙි. )

>= ( Greater than or equal to )

වම් පස අගය දකුණු පස අගයට විශාල/සමාන දැයි පරීක්ෂා කරයි.

$a >= $b ( $a අගය $b අගයට විශාල/සමාන නම් $a >= $b යන්න සත්ය වෙි. )

php හි Operators භාවිතා කිරීම. ( Arithmetic Operators - ගණිතමය කාර්යයන් සදහා භාවිතා කරන Operators )

2009-12-26T11:43:00.006+05:30

Arithmetic Operators - ගණිතමය කාර්යයන් සදහා භාවිතා කරන Operators

Arithmetic Operators ගණිතමය කාර්යයන් සදහා භාවිතා කරයි.

Arithmetic Operators අිකාර හයකි. එනම්

Negation ( නැත යන අර්ථය )
Addition ( එකතු කිරීම )
Subtraction ( අඩු කිරීම )
Multiplication ( ගුණ කිරීම )
Division ( බෙදීම )
Modulus ( බෙදා ඉතිරි අගය )

Example	Name	Result
-$a	Negation	Opposite of `$a`. ( $a හි නැත යන අර්ථය )
$a + $b	Addition	Sum of `$a` and `$b`. ( $a හා $b හි එකතුව )
$a - $b	Subtraction	Difference of `$a` and `$b`.( $a හා $b හි වෙනස )
$a * $b	Multiplication	Product of `$a` and `$b`. ( $a හා $b හි ගුණිතය )
$a / $b	Division	Quotient of `$a` and `$b`. ( $a අගය $b න් බෙදීම )
$a % $b	Modulus	Remainder of `$a` divided by `$b`. ( $a අගය $b න් බෙදා ඉතිරි වන අගය )

Technorati Tags: php

php හි Operators භාවිතා කිරීම. ( Assignment Operators - අිදෙශ කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන Operators )

2009-12-26T11:43:00.005+05:30

සාමාන්යයෙන් භාවිතා වන assignment operator එක වනුයෙ = ලකුණය. මෙහිදී මෙය වම්පස හා දකුණුපස සමානයි කීමට නොව දකුණුපස අගය වම්පස අගයට ලැබෙන/ලබාදෙන බව කීමට භාවිතා කරයි.

මෙය භාවිතා කර අපට විශාල වැඩ කාෙටසක් සිදු කල හැක.

$a = ($b = 4) + 5; // $a is equal to 9 now, and $b has been set to 4.

මෙහිදී $a සදහා ලැබෙන පිලිතුර වනුයේ 9 යි. එනම් $a සදහා = ලකුණින් දකුණු පස අැති අගයන් වල එකතුව අාදෙශ කරයි. එ් අතරම $b සදහා 4 අාදෙශ කරයි.

තවද අපට වෙනත් සමහර assignment operators ද මෙම = සලකුණ සමග භාවිතා කල හැක.

$a = 3;
$a += 5; // sets $a to 8, as if we had said: $a = $a + 5;

$b = "Hello ";
$b .= "There!"; // sets $b to "Hello There!", just like $b = $b . "There!";

?>

Technorati Tags: php

How to use "Huawei e156G HSDPA" on Linux ( tested with openSUSE 11.0 )

2009-12-26T11:40:00.002+05:30

Recently I bought a Huawei e156G HSDPA USB stick dongle to use to access to the Internet. After connecting the Huawei e156G in to my PC which is running with openSUSE 11.0 it I didn't know how to use it to access to the Internet.
So, I typed lsusb and found the system identifies the dongle Huawei e156G as "Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. E220 HSDPA Modem / E270 HSDPA/HSUPA Modem". Then I restarted my PC with Windows XP , plugged my Huawei e156G dongle and searched the internet to know "How to connect Huawei e156G with Linux?".
Normally I don't like to use windows XP in my PC because "I love Linux". But if I need to use my dongle on Linux, I have to get some help from M$ to download the packages. I don't hesitate to get some help from another O/S when I needed.

After few searches I found a link to OpenSuse website to another site.(http://en.opensuse.org/SDB:HUAWEI_E220_Support). Then I downloaded huawei.tar.bz2 from the site http://oozie.fm.interia.pl/pro/huawei-e220/ and decompressed it using the terminal and installed that package to my system.

tar -xjvf huawei.tar.bz2
cd huawei
su
[password] ( [password] = your password for the root )
make install_suse

when the dongle is connected to a USB port , system will identify the USB dongle at /dev/ttyUSB0

then you could edit the wvdial-huawei.conf file which is in the /etc/
( path : /etc/wvdial-huawei.conf )
no need to edit whole file. It's enough to edit Phone , username , password fields to work with some ISPs. check your ISP for phone number which is needed to dial to connect and username , password also.

then you could surf the internet using the wvdial command.

you can try this with different distros and distributions.

Source : " http://en.opensuse.org/SDB:HUAWEI_E220_Support " Accessed on 24-12-2009 "
Technorati Tags: Huawei e156G

හුවාවි e156G ඩොංගලය openSUSE සමග භාවිතා කිරීම.

2009-12-24T22:43:00.000+05:30

හුවාවි e156G ඩොංගලය openSUSE සමග භාවිතා කිරීම.

e156G ෙඩාංගලය openSUSE සමග භාවිතා කිරීම ඉතාම පහසු ක්රියාවකි.

මුලින්ම wvdial පිහිටුවා ගත යුතුය. එය පිහිටුවා ගැනීම එතරම් අසීරු ෙනාවන බැවින් ඔබට බාර කරමි.

අනතුරුව ඔබ http://oozie.fm.interia.pl/pro/huawei-e220/ යන ලිපිනයෙන් huawei-e220 සදහා වන huawei.tar.bz2 ගොනුව බාගත කර ගත යුතුය.
( link is from " http://en.opensuse.org/SDB:HUAWEI_E220_Support " Accessed on 24-12-2009 )

අනතුරුව huawei.tar.bz2 හි අඩංගු ගොනු පිහිටුවීම සදහා terminal එක මත පහත දැක්වෙන විධාන සටහන් කරන්න.

tar -xjvf huawei.tar.bz2
cd huawei
su
[password] ( [password] = ඔබ ෙග් root සදහා වන මුර පදය )
make install_suse

අනතුරුව ඩොංගලය USB port එකට සම්බන්ධ කල විට පරිගණකය මගින් /dev/ttyUSB0 එය හදුනා ගනී.

ඉන් පසු /etc හි අැති wvdial-huawei.conf ගොනුව edit කල යුතුය. /etc/wvdial-huawei.conf
එයට ඔබ කැමති text editor එකක් භාවිත කල හැක.

එහි Modem , Phone , username , password යන ස්ථාන වලට අදාල වෙනස්කම් සිදු කරන්න.

[Dialer Defaults]
Modem = /dev/ttyUSB0
Phone = *99#
username =
password =

අනතුරුව wvdial-huawei.conf සුරක්ෂිත කරන්න.

අනතුරුව wvdial විධානය භාවිතා කර අන්තර්ජාලයට සම්බන්ධ වන්න.

Source : " http://en.opensuse.org/SDB:HUAWEI_E220_Support " Accessed on 24-12-2009 "

Php තුළදී variable භාවිතා කිරීම.

2009-12-14T12:49:00.002+05:30

,Php තුළදී variable භාවිතා කිරීම.

සමහර අවස්ථා වලදී අපට web page එකක් තුලදී එකම අගයන්/වදන් නැවත නැවත භාවිතා කිරීමට සිදුවේ. එහෙත් එලෙස page එක තුල පවතින යම් අගයක්/වදනක් වෙනස් කිරීමට අවශ්ය වුවොත් එම අගය/වදන යොදා ඇති සෑම ස්ථානයකම එම අගය/වදන සොයා බලමින් වෙනස් කිරීමට අවශ්ය වේ. එය පහසු කටයුත්තක් නොවේ. නමුත් එම අගය/වදන මුලින් එක් වරක් හදුන්වාදී එනම් වෙනත් අගයක‌ට ( වේරියබල් එකකට ) සමාන කර එම වේරියබල් එක පිටුව පුරා යොදා තිබුණි නම් සෑම තැනක්ම සොයා බැලීමකින් තොරව එම අගය/වදන වේරියබල් එකට සමාන කළ ස්ථානයේ අගය පමණක් වෙනස් කිරීමෙන් එම අගය යොදා ඇති සෑම තැනක් ම පහසුවෙන් වෙනස් කළ හැක.

php තුල වේරියබල් case sensitive වේ. එමෙන්ම සෑම වේරියබල් එකක්ම ඩොලර් සලකුණෙන් ( $ ) ආරම්භ විය යුතුය.

එමෙන්ම ඩොලර් සලකුණෙන් ( $ ) පසුව underscore සලකුණ ( _ ) හා/හෝ ඕනෑම ASCII අකුරක් යොදා ගත හැක. එකම වේරියබල් එක දෙවරක් හදුන්වා දිය නොහැක. එහෙත් ඩොලර් සලකුණත් ( $ ) සමගම එනම් ඩොලර් සලකුණට ( $ ) අාසන්නයේ ඉලක්කමක් භාවිතා කළ නොහැක.

$this යන වේරියබල් එක php තුලදී අපට අභිමත පරිදි භාවිතා කළ නාෙහැක.

Variable සදහා උදාහරණ

$var = 'Bob';
$Var = 'Joe';
echo "$var, $Var"; // outputs "Bob, Joe"

$4site = 'not yet'; // invalid; starts with a number
$_4site = 'not yet'; // valid; starts with an underscore
$täyte = 'mansikka'; // valid; 'ä' is (Extended) ASCII 228.

?>

එමෙන්ම අපට php තුළදී reference ලෙස ද variables භාවිතා කළ හැක. මෙහිදී refer වන variable එකට පෙර ampersand ( & ) සලකුණ භාවිතා කළ යුතුය.

උදාහරණ

$foo = 25;
$bar = &$foo; // This is a valid assignment.
$bar = &(24 * 7); // Invalid; references an unnamed expression.

function test()
{
return 25;
}

$bar = &test(); // Invalid.

?>

Php තුළ භාවිත කිරීමට නිශ්චිත කාර්යයක් සදහාා වෙන් කරන ලද වේරියබල් ( predefined variables ) සමහරක් ද අැත. මේ වේරියබල් සමහරක් භාවිතා කරන සර්වරය ( server ) මත රදා පවතී. නමුත් බොහොමයක් වේරියබල් Apache server මත ක්රියා කරයි.

Variable scope ( වේරියබල් එකක් අදාල වන කලාපය. )

php තුලදී වේරියබල් එකක් හදුන්වා දුන් විට එය භාවිතා කිරීමේදී එම වේරියබල් එක‌ට අදාල කලාපය තුල පමණක් එම වේරියබල් එක ක්රියාත්මක වේ.

php තුලදී වේරියබල් එකක් හදුන්වා දුන් විට එය භාවිතා කිරීමේදී එම වේරියබල් එක‌ට අදාල කලාපය තුල පමණක් එම වේරියබල් එක ක්රියාත්මක වේ. එනම් හදුන්වා දුන් කලාපයට (අදාල කලාපයට) පිටින් කිසියම් වේරියබල් එකක් භාවිතා කල නොහැක.

$a = 1;

?>

මෙහිදී php ආරම්භක හා අවසන් කරන tags දෙක අතර පවතින සියල්ලම එකම කලාපයට අයත් වේ.

$a = 1;

include 'b.inc';

?>

මෙහිදී $a වේරියබල් එක b.inc file එක තුලදී භාවිතා කල හැක.

function එකක් තුලදී සාමාන්යයෙන් global scope එකට අදාල වේරියබල් භාවිතා කල නොහැක.

$a = 1; /* global scope */
function test()
{
echo $a; /* reference to local scope variable */
}
test();
?>

එෙලස කිරීමට අවශ්ය නම් function එක තුලදී global යන keyword එක භාවිතා කල හැක.

$a = 1;

$b = 2;

function Sum()

{

global $a, $b;

$b = $a + $b;

}

Sum();

echo $b;

?>

$GLOBALS යන predefined variable එක භාවිතා කිරීම මගින් ද global scope එකට අදාල variables භාවිතා කල හැක.

$a = 1;

$b = 2;

function Sum()

{

$GLOBALS['b'] = $GLOBALS['a'] + $GLOBALS['b'];

}

Sum();

echo $b;

Static variables පසුවට …

Web page එකකට php අැතුලත් කිරීම.

2009-12-14T12:47:00.002+05:30

Web page එකකට php අැතුලත් කිරීම.

Php වලින් ලියන codings , php tag අැතුලත සදහන් විය යුතුය.

එනම් ලෙස අාරම්භ වී ?> ලෙස අවසන් විය යුතුය.

echo 'While this is going to be parsed.'; ?>

තවත් අාකාර කීපයක්.

Eg:

echo 'if you want to serve XHTML or XML documents, do it like this'; ?>

echo 'this is the simplest, an SGML processing instruction'; ?> This is a shortcut for "echo expression ?>"

<% echo 'You may optionally use ASP-style tags'; %> <%= $variable; # This is a shortcut for "<% echo . . ." %>

සෑම php statement එකක් ම semicolon ( ; ) එකකින් අවසන් විය යුතුය.

echo 'This is a test';?>

comments දැමීම.

එක පේලියකට පමණක් අදාල comment සදහා forward slash 2 ( // ) ක් හෝ # ක් යොදා ගනී.

forward slash 2 ට පසු එම පේලියේ අවසානය දක්වා පවතින ඕනෑම වදනක් page එක render වන විට නොසලකා හරී.

පේලි කීපයකට අදාල comment සදහා ආරම්භයේදී /* ද අවසානේදී */ ද යොදා ගනී.

/* හා */ අතර පවතින ඕනෑම වදනක් page එක render වන විට නොසලකා හරී.

le:

echo 'This'; // This is a one-line c++ style comment

/* This is a multi line comment yet another line of comment */

echo 'This is yet another test';

echo 'One Final Test'; # This is a one-line shell-style comment?>

php පලමු පිටුව.

මෙහි table එක තුල දක්නට ලැබෙන codings , text editor එකක Type කර hello.php ලෙස web server root එකෙහි root folder එක තුල( www folder ) save කර ගන්න. මෙහිදී “save as” type එක "All files” ලෙස විය යුතුය.

PHP Test

echo 'Hello World
'; ?>
(); ?>

අනතුරුව web server එක ක්රියාත්මක කර web browser එකෙහි http://localhost/hello.php හෝ http://127.0.0.1/hello.php ලෙස type කර Enter බොත්තම ඔබන්න.

ලැබෙන web page එකෙහි Hello world ලෙසත් ස්ථාපිත php version එක අාදී විස්තරත් පෙන්වයි.

“echo” යන වදන php තුලදී භාවිතා කරනු ලබන්නේ අපට අවශ්ය යමක් web page එක තුල print කර ගැනීමටය. Print කිරීමට අවශ්ය වදන/ වදන් single quote 2 ක් ( ' ' ) අතර type කර semicolon ( ; ) එකකින් අවසන් කරයි.

Translated from the “php_manual_en.tar.gz” which is available at http://www.php.net

PHP Manual

by: Mehdi Achour , Friedhelm Betz , Antony Dovgal , Nuno Lopes , Hannes Magnusson , Georg Richter , Damien Seguy , Jakub Vrana

2009-12-04

Edited By: Philip Olson

You and I ( Finding t.A.T.u. )

2009-11-17T09:23:00.000+05:30

The story follows friendless American teenager Janie Sawyer who is trying to escape her lonely life in Moscow through her love of music. Janie meets Lana Starkova on a fansite for the pop-band t.A.T.u. Trapped in a provincial Russian town, Lana is desperate to flee her mundane life and the two girls develop an instant connection. The two girls adapt a poem by Lana into a song, and post it on YouTube. t.A.T.u.'s manager catches news of the song, and contacts the girls in hopes they will allow t.A.T.u. to record the song. Janie and Lana's relationship then becomes the catalyst for a series of adventures.

t.A.T.u. has stated the movie will be very scandalous, and would not deal with the "love and roses" often found in films, but the real scandal and hardships that come along with relationships.

slt-mobitel 3g weekly delight

2009-11-02T22:02:00.003+05:30

slt-mobitel recently introduced their 3d data package for prepaid users. it allows 200MB data usage for one week. to activate dial *071*75*1#.it will charge LKR75.00 + TAX , means LKR 98.48 per activation. this plan will be deactivated if data usage reached 200MB or the after ending the one week time period from the last activation, which comes first. after deactivating, it will charge LKR 0.01/kb.then you must re-activate it.
http://mobitel.lk

Don't you like to get free outgoing calls from SLT-Mobitel(+9471) to Dialog(+9477) at Sri Lanka.

2009-11-01T14:07:00.000+05:30

Last saturday I found a uncommon thing when I make a call to a friend of mine. I'll explain how it happened.

I made a call to a friend of mine while waiting for a bus with another friend of mine. Me and the friend who with me at the bus stop talked about formatting a computer while ringing the phone. When he answer the phone I didn't tell anything about formatting a computer and I asked him to meet me at bus stop. After meeting the second friend, he asked whose computer we are hoping to format.

I asked how did he know about formatting the PC and he replied before he answer the phone, he heard what we talked with each other. Then we asked how it happened. Then, he told when he get a call from a Mobitel number, sometimes he hear the sounds in the other side before answering the phone and while ringing the phone with the ring-tone.

Then we wanted to test it. I made a call to friends dialog number and I waled some distance, and made talked something while ringing the phone. Then we tried it other side. Both times we heard what other people say while ringing the phone.

Then , after coming home, I tested it with my mothers phone, but I didn't heard anything from other-side. What's the reason to work it only with some numbers and not to work with other numbers? But I can talk with my friend without answering the phone.

Try it out …..

who is “hacker” and who is “cracker” ?

2009-11-01T03:06:00.000+05:30

Sinhala unicode version of this article also available.

hacker is a famous word in the computer field. Cracker also a famous word but not as famous as the word hacker.

Before we see about hacker, we'll see about the cracker. Cracker is a well knowledgeable programmer who develops programs to computers. Every time he is a good person and there isn't any harm to a computer from him. But many people misidentify him as a hacker. The truth is Cracker isn't a hacker and he never hack a computer.

Now it's time to see about hacker.

There are three types of hackers “White hat hacker” , “Black hat hacker” and “Grey hat hacker”.

“White hat hacker” is the person who cares about the “security of the computer system”. He always try to find errors in the system and solve the problems to prove the security. Most companies hire them to check the security vulnerabilities in their networks and computer systems. They never do any illegal work which harmful to the system , to data or people.

“Black hat hacker” is the worst person who enters tries to steal something from any computer or network. He is a bads person. He is a threat to data, privacy and computer systems. They use the data which they got by hacking to earn money. They know which they do is illegal. Because of their illegal work, they always caught to the “law” and “be in the jail” for many times.

“Grey hat hacker” also a person who is very knowledgeable and try to improve the security of the system. But when he thought or got the chance he do what “Black hat hacker” does. So, “Grey hat hacker” is the person who is in between “White hat hacker” and “Black hat hacker”. Because of their illegal work, they also caught to the “law” and “be in the jail” for many times.

We are in a Global village, which connected by communication. So, data is valuable to every one. Many people like to learn how to hack because it helps them to secure them from hackers. So, they think to become a “White hat hacker” and learns how to hack. After learning some techniques, they forget about their aim which was to become a “White hat hacker” and try to hack and to be a threat to computers and networks. Sometimes they do it for Fun and sometimes to earn money. But these days, the law is strict for Cyber-crimes. So, think twice before hack.

හැකර් කියන්නේ කාටද ? එතකොට කවුද ක්රැකර් කියන්නේ ?

2009-11-01T03:04:00.000+05:30

හැකර් කියන්නේ කාටද ? එතකොට කවුද ක්රැකර් කියන්නේ ?

typed using sinhala unicode.

English translation of this article will be available as soon as possible.

හැකර් කියන වචනය පරිගණක ලෝකයේදී නිතරම අහන්න ලැබෙන වචනයක් වගේම හරිම ප්‍රසිද්ධ වචනයක්.

හැකර් තරමින් ප්‍රසිද්ධ නැතත් ක්රැකර් කියන වචනයත් යම් තරමකට ප්‍රසිද්ධයි. නමුත් හැකර් හා ක්රැකර් යන වචන දෙක භාවිතා කරන ආකාරය තවමත් හරිම පැටලිලි සහිතයි. සමහරු කියන්නේ ක්රැකර් කියන්නේ පරිගණක පිළිබද විශාරදයෙක් , එයා පරිගණක වලට වැඩසටහන් සකසන්නෙක් , එයාගෙන් කාටවත් හානියක් නෑ කියලයි. ඒත් සමහරු ක්රැක් කියන වචනය නිසා හිතාගෙන ඉන්නේ ක්රැකර් කියන්නේත් හැකර්ට කියලයි. ඒත් දැනට පිළිගත හැකි මූලාශ්‍ර වලින් කියැවෙන්නේ නම් ක්රැකර් ගෙන් කාටවත් හානියක් නෑ කියලයි.

දැන් ඉතින් ක්රැකර් අමතක කරලා හැකර් ගැන හොයලා බලමු.

හැකර්ලා වර්ග තුනක් ඉන්නවා.

පලමු කාණ්ඩය තමයි "වයිට් හැට් හැකර්". එහෙම නැත්තම් "එතිකල් හැකර්".

මේ අය පරිගණක ආරක්ෂාව පිළිබද විශාරදයින්. ඔවුන්ගෙන් කාටවත් හානියක් නෑ. මේ අය නිතරම පරිගණක පද්ධති වල ආරක්ෂාව පිළිබදව පරීක්ෂණ කරලා, පද්ධති වල ආරක්ෂාව තහවුරු කරනවා. ඒ නිසාම මේ අයව සමහර සමාගම් තමන් ගේ පරිගණක පද්ධති වල ආරක්ෂාව පිළිබදව තහවුරු කර ගැනීමට යොදා ගන්නවා.

දෙවෙනි කාණ්ඩය තමයි "බ්ලැක් හැට් හැකර්".

මේ අය පරිගණක ආරක්ෂාවට තර්ජනයක්. නිතරම බලන්නේ ‍‍වෙන කෙනෙක් ගේ පරිගණක‍යකට රිංගලා ‍මොනවා හරි හොරකම් කරන්නමයි. පරිගණක පද්ධතියකට එහෙම ඇතුල් වුනොත් සොරි තමයි ඉතින්. මෙයාලා කරන්නේ වැරැද්දක් කියලා මෙයාලා දන්න‍වා. මෙයාලා කරන වැඩ නිසා නිතරම නඩු-හබ වලට පැටලෙනවා.

තුන්වෙනි කාණ්ඩය තමයි "‍ග්‍රේ හැට් හැකර්".

මෙයාලාත් පරිගණක ආරක්ෂාව පිළිබද විශාරදයින්. ඒත් "වයිට් හැට් හැකර් " කරන හොද වැඩ ව‍ගේම හිතුනොත්/අවස්ථාව ලැබුනොත් "බ්ලැක් හැට් හැකර්" කරන නරක වැඩත් මෙයාලා කරනවා. ඒ නිසා මෙයාලාත් නඩු-හබ වලට පැටලෙනවා.

ගොඩක් අය හැක් කරන හැටි ඉගෙන ගන්න හරිම ආසයි. ඒකට උත්සාහත් කරනවා. මොනවා වුනත් හැක් කරන හැටි දන්න‍වා නම් හැකර්ලාගෙන් බේරෙන එකත් ලේසියි. ඒ පරමාර්ථයෙන් හැක් කරන හැටි ඉගෙන ගන්න ‍ගොඩක් අය ටික කාලෙකදි තමන්ගේ අරමුණ අමතක කරලා "බ්ලැක් හැට් හැකර්" කෙනෙක් වෙන‍වා. ඒ වගේ අයට දැන් ගොඩක් තෑගි දෙනවාලු "උසාවිය පැත්තේ එන්න කියලා". සම‍හරුන්ට "ආණ්ඩුවේ බෝඩිමේ නවතින්නත් ‍දෙනවාලු" (ආණ්ඩුවේ බෝඩිමේ කෑම බීම නිකන් ලු ).

happy halloween.

2009-10-30T07:25:00.001+05:30

wish you happy halloween for every one who celebrate halloween.

hit counter on my blog

2009-10-19T19:05:00.000+05:30

i started to blog last year, and i have been blogged for one year. i thought i'm the only1who read my blog till yesterday. so, i added a hit counter to check it. after adding a hit counter to my blog, i found visitors from 5countries, 4web browsers and 3operating systems with 8 unique visits within 12 hours.
i would like to thank you for your visit and i hope to add some valuble posts as i get time to post.
thanks in advance. keep looking.

hiring System program in java ( Command Line Interface )

2009-10-19T09:51:00.008+05:30

Equiphire pvt. Ltd supplies 3 major equipments for hire.

Program which created for this company which runs on Command Line Interface. It
could handle using the main menu.

No ---|--- Item ---|--- Daily Rental ---|--- Deposit Value
1 ---|--- Electric Drill - --|--- 800 ---|--- 15000
2 ---|--- Water Pump ---|--- 500 ---|--- 7500
3 ---|--- Electric Jigsaw ---|--- 400 ---|--- 8000

main CLI interface of the program

______________________________________
How it works.

This program is a platform independent program. So, it could run on any operating system which has Java installed.
It runs on command line interface.
It saves data in files and retrieves data from them.
Program asks a choice as a numerical input from the keyboard. As mentioned
here, we can choose the appropriate value as our need.

_________________________________________________________________________

How could we use the program

• Choice 1 brings the user to the Hiring System.
◦ We can add hire details via the program.
◦ Program will calculate the deposit value needed and the default deposit as well as the return value from the deposit.
◦ Transactions will be saved in a file for future use.

• Choice 2 brings the user to the Daily report.
◦ User could view the daily transactions of the company.
◦ User need to enter appropriate date on the YYYYMMDD format.
◦ System will automatically show every transaction which done in particular day.

• Choice 3 brings the user to the History of the hires of individual customer.
◦ User could easily find the hiring history of a customer using the customer ID.
◦ User need to enter appropriate customer ID in to the system.
◦ System will automatically show every transaction which done by particular customer.

• Choice 4 brings the user to the History of the hires of individual equipment.
◦ User could easily find the hiring history of an equipment using the equipment ID.
◦ User need to enter appropriate Equipment ID in to the system.
◦ System will automatically show a history of the hirings which done on the particular equipment.

• Choice 5 brings the user to the History of the hires of the Company
◦ User could easily find the full hiring history of the Company.

• Choice 6 brings the user to the Customer database.
◦ User could easily find the full list of the Customer database.

• Choice 7 provides the facility to add Customers to the system.
◦ User could easily add Customers to the system.
◦ User need to add the customers name and the email address. Customer ID and registered date will be added automatically to the system.
◦ It will saved in a file for future use.

• Choice 8 provides the facility to add Equipments to the system.
◦ User could easily add a Equipments to the system.
◦ User need to add Equipment ID, Name, daily rental and the Deposit value.
◦ It will saved in a file for future use.

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// //
// //
// hiringSystem //
// //
// K.W.Roshan Herath //
// //
// //
// //
// //
// //
//______________________________________________________________________________________________//
// created on opnSUSE 11.0 with //
// java version "1.6.0_06" //
// Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.6.0_06-b02) //
// Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM (build 10.0-b22, mixed mode) //
// //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

import java.util.*;

import java.io.*;

import java.lang.*;
import java.lang.String.*;

class hiringSystem
{

private InputStreamReader ir=new InputStreamReader(System.in);

private BufferedReader br;

private FileOutputStream fos;

private PrintStream ps;

private FileReader frs;

//function to check the existence for a file

private boolean checkFile(String filename)

{

File myFile=new File(filename);

boolean b=myFile.exists();

return b;

}
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// function to get date //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

private String fdate()

{
String date;
int month,day,year;
GregorianCalendar calendr;

calendr=new GregorianCalendar();
day=calendr.get(calendr.DATE);
month=calendr.get(calendr.MONTH);
month+=1;//to add january as 1 instead of 0
year=calendr.get(calendr.YEAR);

date = year +""+ month +""+ day;

return date;

}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// function to make a hire //
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

private void hire()throws IOException

{
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/* String chkcustID,chkcustName,chkemail,chks,chkdateRegd;
long datenow,duration,chkdateReg;

String cline[]=new String[5];

frs=new FileReader("ITE1101As2OctE091041007Customers.txt");

br=new BufferedReader(frs);

while((chks=br.readLine()) != null)

{

cline=chks.split(",");

chkcustID=cline[0];

chkcustName=cline[1];

chkemail=cline[2];

chkdateRegd=cline[3];

}
datenow=(long)fdate();
chkdateReg=(long)chkdateRegd;

duration=datenow-chkdateReg;
*/
//////////////////////////////////////////////////
String custID,datehired,msg,s="y";
String equipID,cuID;
int days,type;
double deposit=0,deposit1=0,rental,returnval;

while(s.equals("y")) {
try{
br=new BufferedReader(ir);

System.out.println("\nEnter Equipment Type");
System.out.println("\n1 FOR ELECTRIC DRILL");
System.out.println("2 FOR WATER PUMP");
System.out.println("3 FOR ELECTRIC JIGSAW ");
System.out.print("\nEnter Equipment Type 1,2,3: ");
type=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());
System.out.print("\nEnter Equipment ID: ");
equipID=br.readLine();

System.out.print("\nEnter Customer ID: ");
cuID=custID=br.readLine();

System.out.print("\nEnter no of days hired for: ");
days=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());
datehired=fdate();

System.out.print("\n registered date :"+datehired+"\n\n");

br=new BufferedReader(ir);

if(type==1)
{ deposit=800*days;if(deposit<=15000) deposit1=15000; else deposit1=deposit;} else if(type==2) { deposit=500*days;if(deposit<=15000) deposit1=7500; else deposit1=deposit;} else if(type==3) { deposit=400*days; if(deposit<=15000) deposit1=8000; else deposit1=deposit;} System.out.println("\ndeposit must : "+deposit1); System.out.println("\ndeposit need : "+deposit); returnval=deposit1-deposit; System.out.println("\nretrun value must : "+returnval); fos=new FileOutputStream("ITE1101As2OctE091041007Transaction.txt",true); ps=new PrintStream(fos); ps.println(equipID+","+custID+","+datehired+","+days+","+deposit1+","+deposit+","+returnval); fos.close(); System.out.println("Hire successfull"); } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Error in accepting specifications..."); } } } ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // to view daily report // ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// private void dailyReport()throws IOException { String equipID,custID,datehired,days,deposit1,deposit,returnval,s,searchDate; String cline[]=new String[7]; InputStreamReader Ir=new InputStreamReader(System.in); BufferedReader Br=new BufferedReader(Ir); System.out.print("\nEnter date YYYYMMDD: "); searchDate=Br.readLine(); try { frs=new FileReader("ITE1101As2OctE091041007Transaction.txt"); br=new BufferedReader(frs); System.out.println("daily report for : "+searchDate); System.out.println("Equip \tby \thired \t\tforDays \tdeposit\tpayable\treturn"); System.out.println("----------------------------------------------"); while((s=br.readLine()) != null) { cline=s.split(","); equipID=cline[0]; custID=cline[1]; datehired=cline[2]; days=cline[3]; deposit1=cline[4]; deposit=cline[5]; returnval=cline[6]; if(datehired.equals(searchDate)){ System.out.println(datehired+"\t"+equipID+"\t"+custID+"\t"+days+"\t\t"+deposit1+"\t"+deposit+"\t"+returnval); } }} catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Some exceptions occured..."); System.out.println("Could not generate the Customer report...!"); } } ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // to view hire history for individual customer // ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// private void indCust()throws IOException { String equipID,custID,datehired,days,deposit1,deposit,returnval,s,customerID; String cline[]=new String[7]; InputStreamReader Ir=new InputStreamReader(System.in); BufferedReader Br=new BufferedReader(Ir); System.out.print("\nEnter Customer ID: "); customerID=Br.readLine(); try { frs=new FileReader("ITE1101As2OctE091041007Transaction.txt"); br=new BufferedReader(frs); System.out.println("Hire history for : "+customerID); System.out.println("Equip \tby \thired \t\tforDays \tdeposit\tpayable\treturn"); System.out.println("----------------------------------------------"); while((s=br.readLine()) != null) { cline=s.split(","); equipID=cline[0]; custID=cline[1]; datehired=cline[2]; days=cline[3]; deposit1=cline[4]; deposit=cline[5]; returnval=cline[6]; if(custID.equals(customerID)){ System.out.println(custID+"\t"+equipID+"\t"+datehired+"\t"+days+"\t\t"+deposit1+"\t"+deposit+"\t"+returnval); } }} catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Some exceptions occured..."); System.out.println("Could not generate the Customer report...!"); } } ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // to view hire history for equipments // ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// private void indEquip()throws IOException { String equipID,custID,datehired,days,deposit1,deposit,returnval,s,equipmentID; String cline[]=new String[7]; InputStreamReader Ir=new InputStreamReader(System.in); BufferedReader Br=new BufferedReader(Ir); System.out.print("\nEnter Equipment ID: "); equipmentID=Br.readLine(); try { frs=new FileReader("ITE1101As2OctE091041007Transaction.txt"); br=new BufferedReader(frs); System.out.println("Hire history for : "+equipmentID); System.out.println("Equip \tby \thired \t\tforDays \tdeposit\tpayable\treturn"); System.out.println("----------------------------------------------"); while((s=br.readLine()) != null) { cline=s.split(","); equipID=cline[0]; custID=cline[1]; datehired=cline[2]; days=cline[3]; deposit1=cline[4]; deposit=cline[5]; returnval=cline[6]; if(equipID.equals(equipmentID)){ System.out.println(equipID+"\t"+custID+"\t"+datehired+"\t"+days+"\t\t"+deposit1+"\t"+deposit+"\t"+returnval); } }} catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Some exceptions occured..."); System.out.println("Could not generate the Customer report...!"); } } ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // displayReport() // ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// private void displayReport() { String equipID,custID,datehired,days,deposit1,deposit,returnval,s; String cline[]=new String[7]; try { frs=new FileReader("ITE1101As2OctE091041007Transaction.txt"); br=new BufferedReader(frs); System.out.println("Equip \tby \thired \t\tforDays \tdeposit\tpayable\treturn"); System.out.println("----------------------------------------------"); while((s=br.readLine()) != null) { cline=s.split(","); equipID=cline[0]; custID=cline[1]; datehired=cline[2]; days=cline[3]; deposit1=cline[4]; deposit=cline[5]; returnval=cline[6]; System.out.println(equipID+"\t"+custID+"\t"+datehired+"\t"+days+"\t\t"+deposit1+"\t"+deposit+"\t"+returnval); } } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Some exceptions occured..."); System.out.println("Could not generate the daily transaction report...!"); } } ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // to view customer details // ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// private void viewCust() { String custID,custName,email,dateRegd,s; String cline[]=new String[4]; try { frs=new FileReader("ITE1101As2OctE091041007Customers.txt"); br=new BufferedReader(frs); System.out.println("Customer ID \tCustomer Name \temail \t\tDate registered "); System.out.println("----------------------------------------------"); while((s=br.readLine()) != null) { cline=s.split(","); custID=cline[0]; custName=cline[1]; email=cline[2]; dateRegd=cline[3]; System.out.println(custID+"\t\t"+custName+"\t\t\t"+email+"\t"+dateRegd); } } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Some exceptions occured..."); System.out.println("Could not generate the Customer report...!"); } } ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // function to add a customer // ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //function for auto-generating the customer id private String generate_id() { String id=" "; String thisLine; String[] fullText = new String[200]; String[] lastLine=new String[5]; int counter=0,nid=0,l=0,z=0; boolean b=checkFile("ITE1101As2OctE091041007Customers.txt"); if(b==false) { id="00001"; } else { try { frs=new FileReader("ITE1101As2OctE091041007Customers.txt"); br=new BufferedReader(frs); while((thisLine=br.readLine()) != null) { counter=counter+1; fullText[counter] = thisLine; } frs.close(); lastLine=fullText[counter].split(","); nid=Integer.parseInt(lastLine[0]); nid=nid+1; l=(String.valueOf(nid)).length(); z=5-l; for(int i=1;i<=z;i++) { id=id+"0"; } id=id+String.valueOf(nid); id=id.substring(1); } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Could not generate the Customer ID...!"); } } return id; } //function to add new Customer private void addCustomer() { String desc; String cust,email,regd; String id; try { id=generate_id(); System.out.print("\n Customer ID :"+id+"\n"); br=new BufferedReader(ir); System.out.print("\n Customer Name : "); cust=br.readLine(); System.out.print("\n Email : "); email=br.readLine(); regd=fdate(); System.out.print("\n registered date :"+regd+"\n\n"); br=new BufferedReader(ir); fos=new FileOutputStream("ITE1101As2OctE091041007Customers.txt",true); ps=new PrintStream(fos); ps.println(id+","+cust+","+email+","+regd); fos.close(); System.out.println("Successfully added one Customer..."); } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Error in accepting Customer specifications..."); } } ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // function to add an Equipment // ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// private boolean checkFile1(String filename) { File myFile1=new File(filename); boolean b1=myFile1.exists(); return b1; } boolean b1=checkFile1("ITE1101As2OctE091041007Equipments.txt"); //function to add new equipment private void addEquipment() { String equip; double drent=0; double deposit=0; String id; int availability=1; try { br=new BufferedReader(ir); System.out.print("\n Equipment ID :"); id=br.readLine(); System.out.print("\n Equipment Name : "); equip=br.readLine(); System.out.print("\n Daily rental :"); drent=Double.parseDouble(br.readLine()); System.out.print("\n Deposit :"); deposit=Double.parseDouble(br.readLine()); fos=new FileOutputStream("ITE1101As2OctE091041007Equipments.txt",true); ps=new PrintStream(fos); ps.println(id+","+equip+","+drent+","+availability+","+deposit); fos.close(); System.out.println("Successfully added one Equipment"); } catch(Exception ex) { System.out.println("Error in accepting specifications..."); } } ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // HELP // ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// /*private void help() { System.out.println(" HIRING SYSTEM HELP "); }*/ ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// // MAIN Method // ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException { hiringSystem inv=new hiringSystem(); int ch=0; String s; InputStreamReader ir=new InputStreamReader(System.in); BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(ir); System.out.println("\n\n\n"); System.out.println("--------------------------------------------------"); System.out.println(" EquipHire Pvt. Ltd "); System.out.println(" උපකරණ කුලියට දීම "); System.out.println("--------------------------------------------------\n"); System.out.println("1. HIRE AN EQUIPMENT"); System.out.println("2. TO VIEW THE DAILY REPORT"); System.out.println("3. TO VIEW HIRE HISTORY OF A CUSTOMER"); System.out.println("4. TO VIEW HIRE HISTORY OF AN EQUIPMENT"); System.out.println("5. VIEW FULL HIRING REPORT"); System.out.println("6. VIEW ALL CUSTOMERS"); System.out.println("7. ADD NEW CUSTOMER"); System.out.println("8. ADD AN EQUIPMENT"); System.out.println("---------------------------------"); System.out.println("9. Exit"); begin: while(ch!=9) { System.out.print("\n"); System.out.print("\n Enter a choice and Press ENTER to continue[1-9]:"); ch=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine()); if(ch>9||ch<1)

{

System.out.println("This doesn't appear to be a valid option...!");

continue begin;

}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

if(ch==1)

{

s="y";

while(s.equals("y")||s.equals("Y"))

{

inv.hire();

System.out.print("\n Hire another[y/n]:");

s=br.readLine();

}

}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
else

if(ch==2)

{

s="y";

while(s.equals("y")||s.equals("Y"))

{

inv.dailyReport();
System.out.print("\n View again ?[y/n]:");

s=br.readLine();

}

}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
else

if(ch==3)

{

s="y";

while(s.equals("y")||s.equals("Y"))

{

inv.indCust();
System.out.print("\n View again ?[y/n]:");

s=br.readLine();

}

}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
else

if(ch==4)

{

s="y";

while(s.equals("y")||s.equals("Y"))

{

inv.indEquip();
System.out.print("\n View again ?[y/n]:");

s=br.readLine();

}

}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
else

if(ch==5)

{

inv.displayReport();

}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
else

if(ch==6)

{

s="y";

while(s.equals("y")||s.equals("Y"))

{

inv.viewCust();
System.out.print("\n View again ?[y/n]:");

s=br.readLine();

}

}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
else
if(ch==7)

{

s="y";

while(s.equals("y")||s.equals("Y"))

{

inv.addCustomer();

System.out.print("\n Add another[y/n]:");

s=br.readLine();

}

continue begin;

}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

else
if(ch==8)

{

s="y";

while(s.equals("y")||s.equals("Y"))

{

inv.addEquipment();

System.out.print("\n Add another[y/n]:");

s=br.readLine();

}

}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

}

System.out.println("Thanks for using this program...!");

}

}

__________________________________________________________________________________

there are some errors in my program.
it needs 3 text files to store data.
before add a customer, it should have atlest 00000 as the1st data in the customer file.
can hire w/o registering as a customer.
can hire equipment which isn't in the equipment file.
cant find the equipment is available to hire or not.
.cant calculate delays.

i'l try to solve these problems as i get free time from my studies. please help me if you can.

how to read unicode fonts in opera mini.

2009-10-09T07:36:00.000+05:30

most people use their mobile phone to access the internet. most of them prefer opera mini instead of inbuilt browser which comes with phone.
but when we read any page which written in unicode fonts, we'll see black squares instead of unicode fonts other than normal fonts.
operaMINI solved the problem now.
simply type about:config in address bar and select 'yes' in 'use bitmap fonts for complex scripts' and save it.
you've done

a program that would read a number and the base of the number system and print the equivalent decimal value ( for many bases) using Integer.pasrseInt

2009-10-06T14:49:00.003+05:30

a program that would read a number and the base of the number system
and print the equivalent decimal value ( for many bases ) using Integer.pasrseInt

01# import java.util.Scanner;
02#
03# public class javaprog{
04#
05# public static void main(String[] args){
06#
07# System.out.println("\n\n\tProgram using Integer.parseInt \n");
08# System.out.println("\t tested with many digits and bases like base 2 to base 10 and base 16 \n");
09#
10# //ask the value to convert
11# System.out.print("Enter the value which you want to convert in to decimal:");
12# Scanner parseint = new Scanner(System.in);
13# String parseintVal=parseint.next();
14#
15# //ask for the base of the value which enterd
16# System.out.print("\nEnter the base of the value which you entered first:");
17# Scanner parseintScan = new Scanner(System.in);
18# int parseintBase = parseintScan.nextInt();
19#
20# //calculation using Integer.parseInt
21# int i= Integer.parseInt(parseintVal,parseintBase);
22#
23# //prints the decimal value
24# System.out.println("\n\t Decimal Value of " +parseintVal+ " ( base "+ parseintBase+ " ) is "+i+"\n");
25#
26# }
27# }
28#

output:
Program using Integer.parseInt
tested with many digits and bases like base 2 to base 10 and base 16
Enter the value which you want to convert in to decimal:123ACD
Enter the base of the value which you entered first:16
Decimal Value of 123ACD ( base 16 ) is 1194701

a program that would read a number and the base of the number system and print the equivalent decimal value

2009-10-06T14:45:00.004+05:30

a program that would read a number and the base of the number system
and print the equivalent decimal value ( for bases less than 10 ) using Math.pow

01# import java.util.Scanner;
02#
03# public class javaprog{
04#
05# public static void main(String[] args){
06#
07# //base of the value which enterd
08# System.out.print("Enter the base of the value which you wish to enter :");
09# Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
10# double base = scan.nextInt();
11#
12# //value to convert
13# System.out.println("\n You need to add zero '0' in front of the value, if itdoesn't have 8 digits \n");
14# System.out.print("Enter the value which you want to convert in to decimal:");
15# Scanner value = new Scanner(System.in).useDelimiter("");
16#
17# //scans the value by nextInt(); and saves them as int
18# int d0=value.nextInt();
19# int d1=value.nextInt();
20# int d2=value.nextInt();
21# int d3=value.nextInt();
22# int d4=value.nextInt();
23# int d5=value.nextInt();
24# int d6=value.nextInt();
25# int d7=value.nextInt();
26#
27# //calculates the powers using Math.pow(base,exp);
28# int v7=(int)Math.pow(base,7)*d0;
29# int v6=(int)Math.pow(base,6)*d1;
30# int v5=(int)Math.pow(base,5)*d2;
31# int v4=(int)Math.pow(base,4)*d3;
32# int v3=(int)Math.pow(base,3)*d4;
33# int v2=(int)Math.pow(base,2)*d5;
34# int v1=(int)Math.pow(base,1)*d6;
35# int v0=(int)Math.pow(base,0)*d7;
36#
37# //calculates the sum of v0 to v7
38# int decimalValue=v0+v1+v2+v3+v4+v5+v6+v7;
39#
40# //casting base to int
41# int base1=(int)base;
42#
43# //prints the result
44# System.out.println("\n\tYou entered : " +d0+d1+d2+d3+d4+d5+d6+d7 + " with base : " +base1 );
45# System.out.println("\n\tdeciaml value for : " +d0+d1+d2+d3+d4+d5+d6+d7 +" using Math.pow is :"+ decimalValue);
46#
47# }
48# }

output:

Enter the base of the value which you wish to enter :8
You need to add zero '0' in front of the value, if it doesn't have 8 digits
Enter the value which you want to convert in to decimal:45454545
You entered : 45454545 with base : 8
deciaml value for : 45454545 using Math.pow is :9853285

Broadband technologies

2009-09-11T21:18:00.010+05:30

Broadband Internet access, which widely called broadband is more faster and reliable than Dial-Up internet access.

There isn't a registered or accurate explenation for Broadband, the speed ranging up from 64 kbit/s up to 8 Mbit/s and more. the 2006 OECD report is typical by defining broadband as having download data transfer rates equal to or faster than 256 kbit/s, while the United States (US) Federal Communications Commission (FCC) as of 2009, defines "Basic Broadband" as data transmission speeds exceeding 768 kilobits per second (Kbps).

Data rates are defined in terms of maximum download because several common consumer broadband technologies such as ADSL are "asymmetric"—supporting much slower maximum upload data rate than download.

"Broadband penetration" is now treated as a key economic indicator.

Although ISPs advertised about their bandwidth, customer/user can't get the actual bandwidth which ISP tells because of the overselling the bandwidth and the quality of the equipments.

Broadband technologies :

Mainly consists of DSL and Cable modems.
In some areas where DSL or Cable modems didn't available, there are wireless internet connecting options like Wi-Fi, HSDPA, EV-D0 and WiMax.

DSL ( Digital subscriber line )

Digital subscriber line, or DSL, is more expensive than dialup, but provides a faster

connection. DSL also uses telephone lines, but unlike dialup access, DSL provides a

continuous connection to the Internet. This connection option uses a special high-speed

modem that separates the DSL signal from the telephone signal and provides an Ethernet

connection to a host computer or LAN.

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology is a modem technology that uses existing twisted-pair telephone lines to transport high-bandwidth data.

xDSL technologies

ADSL
SDSL
HDSL
HDSL-2
G.SHDL
IDSL
VDSL

xDSL is drawing significant attention from implementers and service providers because it promises to deliver high-bandwidth data rates to dispersed locations with relatively small changes to the existing telco infrastructure.

xDSL services are

dedicated
point-to-point

public network access over twisted-pair copper wire on the local loop (last mile) between a network service provider's (NSP) central office and the customer site, or on local loops created either intrabuilding or intracampus.

ADSL-Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

Allows more bandwidth downstream—from an NSP's central office to the customer site—than upstream from the subscriber to the central office. This asymmetry, combined with always-on access (which eliminates call setup)

Advantages:

Could use phone line and ADSL line at the same time
Could use to view videos, listen to songs, download files and for many purpose.
More than 6Mbps bandwidth available.
Continuous connection / Stable
can be purchased with various speed ranges and capabilities
Bandwidth is unlimited in some countries
can use existing phone line

Disadvantages:

Limited to 4Km radius from the nearest telephone exchange.
Have to buy a ADSL modem or router.
Expensive in some countries.
Not available in some areas
receiving data is faster than sending data

An ADSL circuit connects an ADSL modem on each end of a twisted-pair telephone line, creating three information channels:

a high-speed downstream channel
a medium-speed duplex channel
a basic telephone service channel

ADSL modems accommodate Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) transport with variable rates and compensation for ATM overhead, as well as IP protocols.

ADSL uses two pieces of equipment, one on the customer end and one at the Internet service provider, telephone company or other provider of DSL services. At the customer's location there is a DSL transceiver, which may also provide other services. The DSL service provider has a DSL Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) to receive customer connections.

The DSLAM at the access provider is the equipment that really allows DSL to happen.

SDSL

Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) allows equal bandwidth downstream from an NSP's central office to the customer site as upstream from the subscriber to the central office.
SDSL supports data only on a single line and does not support analog calls.
The symmetry that SDSL offers, combined with always-on access (which eliminates call setup)
Because traffic is symmetrical, file transfer, web hosting, and distance-learning applications can effectively be implemented with SDSL.

HDSL

Originally developed by Bellcore, high bit-rate DSL (HDSL)/T1/E1 technologies have been standardized by ANSI (two-pair T1 transmission, with a data rate of 784 kbps on each twisted pair ) in the United States and by ETSI ( two-pair E1 system, with each pair carrying 1168 kbps, and a three-pair E1 system, with 784 kbps on each twisted pair ) in Europe.
T1 service can be installed by installing HDSL modems at each end of the line.
HDSL is heavily used in cellular telephone buildouts.
HDSL does have drawbacks. First, no provision exists for analog voice because it uses the voice band. Second, ADSL achieves better speeds than HDSL because ADSL's asymmetry deliberately keeps the crosstalk at one end of the line. Symmetric systems such as HDSL have crosstalk at both ends.

HDSL-2

HDSL-2 is an emerging standard and a promising alternative to HDSL. The intention is to offer a symmetric service at T1 speeds using a single-wire pair rather than two pairs.
The biggest advantage of HDSL-2, which was developed to serve as a standard by which different vendors' equipment could interoperate, is that it is designed not to interfere with other services. However, HDSL-2 is full rate only, offering services only at 1.5 Mbps.

ISDN Digital Subscriber Line

is a cross between ISDN and xDSL
Unlike ISDN, ISDL does not connect through the voice switch. A new piece of data communications equipment terminates the ISDL connection and shuts it off to a router or data switch.
This is a key feature because the overloading of central office voice switches by data users is a growing problem for telcos.
The limitation of ISDL is that the customer no longer has access to ISDN signaling or voice services. But for Internet service providers, who do not provide a public voice service, ISDL is an interesting way of using POTS dial service to offer higher-speed Internet access, targeting the embedded base of more than five million ISDN users as an initial market.

VDSL

transmits high-speed data over short reaches of twisted-pair copper telephone lines, with a range of speeds depending on actual line length.

The maximum downstream rate under consideration

51 and 55 Mbps over lines up to 1000 feet (300 m) in length.
13 Mbps over lengths beyond 4000 feet (1500 m) are also common.

ISDN ( Integrated Service Digital Network )

Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) is one of the oldest broadband digital access method which is a telephone data service standard.

A basic rate ISDN line is an ISDN line with 2 data "bearer" channels (DS0 - 64 kbit/s each). Using the ISDN bonding technology, we can get 256 kbps or more bandwidth.

Advantages :

Constant data rate at 64 kbit/s for each DS0 channel.
Two way broadband symmetric data transmission, unlike ADSL.
One of the data channels can be used for phone conversation without disturbing the data transmission through the other data channel.
Call setup is very quick.
Low latency
ISDN Voice clarity is unmatched by other phone services.
Caller ID is available.
Maximum distance from the central office is much greater than it is for DSL.
When using ISDN-BRI, there is the possibility of using the low-bandwidth 16 kbit/s "D" channel for packet data and for always on capabilities.

Disadvantages

ISDN offerings are dwindling in the marketplace due to the widespread use of faster and cheaper alternatives.
ISDN routers, terminal adapters ("modems"), and telephones are more expensive than ordinary POTS equipment, like dial-up modems.
ISDN provisioning can be complicated due to the great number of options available.
ISDN users must dial in to a provider that offers ISDN Internet service, which means that the call could be disconnected.
ISDN is billed as a phone line, to which is added the bill for Internet ISDN access.
"Always on" data connections are not available in all locations.
Some telephone companies charge unusual fees for ISDN, including call setup fees, per minute fees, and higher rates than normal for other services.

Satellite Internet

Is the most expensive way to use the Internet. But availability and bandwidth is greater than other technologies because Satellites can cover any place on the earth by using 3 separate satellites.

Advantages:

True global broadband Internet access availability
Mobile connection to the Internet
High bandwidth

Disadvantages:

High latency compared to other broadband services, especially 2-way satellite service
Unreliable: drop-outs are common during travel, inclement weather, and during sunspot activity .
The narrow-beam highly directional antenna must be accurately pointed to the satellite orbiting overhead
One-way satellite service requires a data uplink connection .
Satellite dishes are very large.

Cellular broadband / Wireless Internet

Cellular phone towers are very widespread, and as cellular networks move to third generation (3G) networks they can support fast data; using technologies such as EVDO, HSDPA and UMTS. These can give broadband access to the Internet, with a cell phone, with Cardbus, ExpressCard, or USB cellular modems, or with cellular broadband routers, which allow more than one computer to be connected to the Internet using one cellular connection.

Wi-fi and WiMax technology which provides mobility and connectivity as well as the more bandwidth than Dial-Up.

3G technology

A technology which used for mobile telephony, data, video, voice
speed differs from 384 kbps to 14.4 Mbps for downlink and till 5.8 Mbps for uplink.

HSDPA ( High-Speed Downlink Packet Access )

is a 3G technology
Downlink available from 1.8 Mbps , 3.6 Mbps, 7.2 Mbps and 14.4 Mbps.
Uplink till 5.8 Mbps

WiMax ( Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access )

a telecommunications technology that provides wireless transmission of data using a variety of transmission modes, from point- to-multipoint links to portable and fully mobile internet access
Provides speed up to 72 Mbps.
Based on IEEE 802.16 standard.

uses:

Connecting Wi-Fi hotspots to the Internet.
Providing a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for "last mile" broadband access.
Providing data and telecommunications services.
Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan.
Providing portable connectivity.

Wi-Fi

transmit at frequencies of 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz.The higher frequency allows the signal to carry more data.
use 802.11 networking standards, which come in several flavors (802.11a, 802.11b , 802.11g, 802.11n
allows local area networks (LANs) to be deployed without wires for client devices
High mobility
Security problems occurs

Advantages of wireless technologies:

more bandwidth than Dial-Up.
Mobility.
Availability.
Could use for media steaming, VoIP and many.
Easy to connect
Speed.

Disadvantages of wireless technologies:

Due to the 3G technology is a shared bandwidth service , bandwidth available from one tower could be shared among many users. So, it'll be slower than usual at sometimes.
Some service provider's shares single IP address among many users. So, it could make some problems with identity.
Service fees could be high.
Limited data bundle will be available to use. ( most service provider's don't provide unlimited data bundles )
Sometimes , it will have some issues with 3G connectivity although there is a tower nearby.
Security problems occurs because it hasn't security features by default.
Due to the radio signals, health problems could occur.

Now it's time to compare Dial-Up internet access with Broadband Internet access.

Differences between Dial-Up internet access and Broadband Internet access.

In Dialup we can use normal PSTN phone line to access to the Internet if there is a modem available. But we can't use normal PSTN phone line with a Modem or Router without configuring the telephone line for ADSL broadband.
Dial-Up internet technology is a lower speed with lower bandwidth and Broadband is not like that.
Dial-Up is suitable for light usage and broadband is suitable for heavy usage.
Dialup is a low cost method to access the Internet than broadband.
Dialup charges for Internet usage and for the time we used to surf the web because it make a call to connect to the Intenet and in Broadband it charges flat rate for a data bundle or for the time.
We can't make calls using the phone while browsing, but we can answer to the calls while browsing with broadband technologies.
Dialup can't use for VoIP and media streaming but broadband can.
When we use Dial-Up , there is a possibility to drop the connection more than Broadband.

Dial-Up can't used for mobile workers if there isn't a PSTN line. But some broadband technologies provide mobility.

Posted by K. W. Roshan Herath [ roshan herath ]

Source:

Broadband technologies

Broadband Internet Access

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Broadband

accessed on 08^th September, 2009

Digital Subscriber Line

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/internetworking/technology/handbook/DSL_Dig_Subscr_Ln.html

accessed on 08^th September, 2009

http://computer.howstuffworks.com/dsl.htm

accessed on 08^th September, 2009

Wireless technology

Internet connectivity mechanisms

2009-09-11T21:17:00.000+05:30

Internet connectivity mechanisms

Now anybody can access the Internet and get it's benefit. There are several ways to connect to the Internet.

Dial-UP

ISDN

DSL

Cable connections

Wireless connections

T-1, T-2 and T-3 lines

Satellite

Dial-UP

Dialup is simply the application of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) to carry data on behalf of the end user. It involves a customer premises equipment (CPE) device sending the telephone switch a phone number to direct a connection to.
Speed ranges from 2400 bps to 56 Kbps
Twisted pair (regular phone lines) is the physical medium.
Cheap but slow compared with other technologies.
Speed may degrade due to the amount of line noise

ISDN

Integrated Services Digital Network is a telephone system network. ISDN is integrates speech and data on the same lines, adding features that were not available in the classic telephone system. access interfaces
- Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
- Primary Rate Interface (PRI)
- Broadband-ISDN (B-ISDN)

Dedicated telephone line and router required.
Speed ranges from 64 Kbps to 128 Kbps.
Physical medium is Twisted pair.
Not available everywhere but becoming more widespread.
An ISDN line costs slightly more than a regular telephone line, but you get 2 phone lines from it.
56K ISDN is much faster than a 56K dialup line

Digital subscriber line ( DSL )

Digital subscriber line ( DSL ) is more expensive than dialup, but provides a faster connection. DSL also uses telephone lines, but unlike dialup access, DSL provides a continuous connection to the Internet.
This connection option uses a special high-speed modem that separates the DSL signal from the telephone signal and provides an Ethernet connection to a host computer or LAN.
Doesn’t interfere with normal telephone use.
Bandwidth is dedicated, not shared as with cable.
Bandwidth is affected by the distance from the network hubs. Must be within 5 km (3.1 miles) of telephone company switch.
Limited availability.
Not networkable

Cable Internet

A cable Internet is a connection option offered by cable television service providers. The Internet signal is carried on the same coaxial cable that delivers cable television to homes and businesses.
A special cable modem separates the Internet signal from the other signals carried on the cable and provides an Ethernet connection to a host computer or LAN.
CMTS is the equipments provides the Cable Internet service to the users. It provides the same service which DSLAM offers.
512 Kbps to 20 Mbps
Coaxial cable and in some cases telephone lines used for upstream requests as physical medium

Wireless

Access is gained by connection to a high speed cellular like local multi-point communications system (LMCS) network via wireless transmitter/receiver.
Speed is 30 Mbps or more
Physical medium is Airwaves (antenna)
Can be used for high speed data, broadcast TV and wireless telephone service.

Satellite

Satellite connection is an option offered by satellite service providers.
The user's computer connects through Ethernet to a satellite modem that transmits radio signals to the nearest Point of Presence, or POP, within the satellite network.
Newer versions have two-way satellite access, removing need for phone line.
In older versions, the computer sends request for information to an ISP via normal phone dial-up communications and data is returned via high speed satellite to rooftop dish, which relays it to the computer via a decoder box.
Speed is 30 Mbps or more
Physical medium is Airwaves (antenna)
Bandwidth is not shared.
Satellite companies are set to join the fray soon which could lead to integrated TV and Internet service using the same equipment and WebTV like integrated services
Latency is typically high
Some connections require an existing Internet service account.

Frame Relay

Provides a type of "party line" connection to the Internet.
Requires a FRAD (Frame Relay Access Device) similar to a modem, or a DSU/CSU.
speed ranges from 56 Kbps to 1.544 Mbps (or more, depending on connection type)
Various physical mediums used
May cost less than ISDN in some locations.
Limited availability.
Uses one of the connection types below, fractional up to OC3

Fractional T1 (Flexible DS1)

Only a portion of the 23 channels available in a T1 line is actually used.
Speed ranges from 64 Kbps to 1.544 Mbps
Physical medium is Twisted-pair or coaxial cable
Cheaper than a full T1 line with growth options of 56 Kbps or 64 Kbps increments as required.

Special lines and equipment (DSU/CSU and router) required.
Speed 1.544 Mbps
Physical medium is Twisted-pair, coaxial cable, or optical fiber
Typically used for high bandwidth demands such as videoconferencing and heavy graphic file transfers.
Minimum for large businesses and ISPs.
Expensive

Typically used for ISP to Internet infrastructure.
Speed 44.736 Mbps
Physical medium is Optical fiber

OC-1

Typically used for ISP to Internet infrastructure within Internet infrastructure.
Speed 51.84 Mbps
Physical medium is Optical fiber

OC-3

Typically used for large company backbone or Internet backbone.
Speed 155.52 Mbps
Physical medium is Optical fiber

The history of the Internet in brief

2009-09-11T21:14:00.002+05:30

Here is the brief history of the Internet:

ARPA (1957)

There is a competition between USSR and USA for technology and USSR won it by launching Sputnik. Then USA launched the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) under the auspices the Department of Defense. Launching the ARPA is mainly focused to maintain a technological lead, particularly with regards to the military.

Packet Switching (1968)

USA wanted to expand the ARPA project to make it reliable at any time. Then the invented packet switching. National Physical Laboratory created the first packet switching network in 1968.

ARPANET (1969)

ARPA created ARPANET in 1969 to help ARPA-funded researchers collaborate more effectively for non profit uses like education and researches which were based on the packet switching technology built at the Rand Corporation in the early 1960s. The first ARPANET were positioned at UCLA, Stanford Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, and University of Utah in Salt Lake City.

TCP/IP (1983)

Between 1969 and 1983, a variety of individual networks sprouted and grew. (BITNET,CSNET). Connecting each of these independent networks was difficult, though, because they didn't use the same protocols and therefore couldn't exchange information.

As a result, ARPA commissioned the development of a new protocol called Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) that would allow different networks to connect.

Most networks had changed to TCP/IP in the late 1970s, but ARPANET didn't make the change until January 1, 1983. Thus, many folks consider that date as the birthday of the Internet.

NSF Creates NSFNET (1986)

In 1986 the National Science Foundation created NSFNET, an Internet backbone with a speed of 56K. This backbone connected five super-computing centers located at Princeton, Pittsburgh, UCSD, UIUC, and Cornell. NSFNET precipitated a large number of connections from various universities.

NSFNET has been updated continually since 1986. In 1988, two years after going online, the backbone was upgraded to T1 (1.544M). In 1991, it was upgraded to T3 (44.736M)

ARPANET Is Dismantled (1990)

Newer networks connected the sites that ARPANET connected, and thus ARPANET was no longer useful.

The World Wide Web (1992)

Tim Berners-Lee, a physicist at CERN in Switzerland, invented the World Wide Web (Web) in 1992 as a way to organize information in a more brain-like fashion. His idea was to allow people to make multiple free associations with different bits of information.

NSF Establishes InterNIC (1993)

NSF created InterNIC, a group of businesses that provide a variety of essential services to the Internet.

The Internet Today

The growth of the Internet has been explosive. In 1985, there were about 2,000 host computers on the Internet. Now there are millions of host computers and many more millions of actual users. Now Internet isn't limited to educational and research purpose but also in too many fields like commercial and welfare services and etc.

Note to new Linux users: No antivirus needed

2009-09-08T15:25:00.005+05:30

Savvy Windows users have to watch their virus checkers as closely as the head nurse in the ICU keeps an eye on patient monitors. Often, the buzz in the Windows security world is about which protection-for-profit firm was the first to discover and offer protection for the malware du jour -- or should I say malware de l'heure? The only thing better than having backed the winning Super Bowl team come Monday morning at the office coffeepot is having the virus checker you use be the one winning the malware sweepstakes that weekend.

If a rogue program finds a crack in your Windows armor, paying $200 per infection to have your machine scrubbed and sanitized by the local goon^H^H^H^H geek squad not only helps to reinforce the notion that you have to have malware protection, but that it has to be the right protection, too. The malware firms are aware of this, and all of their advertising plays upon the insecurity fears of Windows users and the paranoia that results. Chronic exposure and vulnerability to malware has conditioned Windows users to accept this security tax.

It's no wonder, then, that when Windows users are finally able to break their chains and experience freedom on a Linux desktop, they stare at me in disbelief when I tell them to lay that burden down. They are reluctant to stop totin' that load. They have come to expect to pay a toll for a modicum of security.

I try to explain that permissions on Linux make such tribute unnecessary. Without quibbling over the definitions of viruses and trojans, I tell them that neither can execute on your machine unless you explicitly give them permission to do so.

Permissions on Linux are universal. They cover three things you can do with files: read, write, and execute. Not only that, they come in three levels: for the root user, for the individual user who is signed in, and for the rest of the world. Typically, software that can impact the system as a whole requires root privileges to run.

Microsoft designed Windows to enable outsiders to execute software on your system. The company justifies that design by saying it enriches the user experience if a Web site can do "cool" things on your desktop. It should be clear by now that the only people being enriched by that design decision are those who make a buck providing additional security or repairing the damage to systems caused by it.

Malware in Windows Land is usually spread by email clients, browser bits, or IM clients, which graciously accept the poisoned fruit from others, then neatly deposit it on their masters' systems, where malware authors know it will likely be executed and do their bidding -- without ever asking permission.

Some malware programs require that you open an attachment. Others don't even require that user error. By hook or by crook, malware on Windows often gets executed, infecting the local system first, then spreading itself to others. What a terrible neighborhood. I'm glad I don't live there.

On Linux, there is built-in protection against such craft. Newly deposited files from your email client or Web browser are not given execute privileges. Cleverly renaming executable files as something else doesn't matter, because Linux and its applications don't depend on file extensions to identify the properties of a file, so they won't mistakenly execute malware as they interact with it.

Whether newcomers grok permissions or not, I try to explain the bottom line to them: that because they have chosen Linux, they are now free of having to pay either a security tax up front to protect themselves from malware, or one after the fact to have their systems sterilized after having been infected.

So Linux is bulletproof? No. Bulletproof is one of the last stages of drunkenness, not a state of security. Linux users, like users on every operating system, must always be aware of security issues. They must act intelligently to keep their systems safe and secure. They should not run programs with root privileges when they are not required, and they should apply security patches regularly.

Misleading claims and false advertising by virus protection rackets to the contrary, you simply don't need antivirus products to keep your Linux box free of malware.

Source: By Joe Barr, Monday, 26 February 2007 08:00 Linux.com

http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/8261-note-to-new-linux-users-no-antivirus-needed

posted by K.W. Roshan Herath

Group of Microsoft Rivals Nears Patent Deal in Bid to Protect Linux

2009-09-08T12:15:00.005+05:30

Microsoft Corp. has suggested in recent years that companies using the Linux computer-operating system might be violating Microsoft patents. Now, in an effort to avert any legal threat that might discourage the adoption of Linux, a group of Microsoft rivals is about to acquire a set of patents formerly owned by the software giant.

Linux is a free open-source operating system that has gained ground against Microsoft's Windows software among business users, especially in servers, the big back-office computers inside companies. Linux's fans say the free software is more secure than Windows and, because its blueprint is open to users, can be more easily customized.

The group, which includes major corporate supporters of such open-source software -- including International Business Machines Corp., Red Hat Inc. and Sony Corp. -- said it is nearing an agreement to acquire 22 patents that Microsoft sold to another organization earlier this year. Though the issue hasn't been tested in court, the patents may relate to Linux.

The group, the Open Invention Network, argues that its acquisition will protect users of Linux software from expensive lawsuits that could result if the patents fell into the hands of "patent trolls," groups that don't typically make products and exist primarily to earn money from lawsuits and settlements in patent cases.

The group said it is close to signing a deal to acquire the patents from Allied Security Trust. AST buys patents to protect its members from patent litigation, provides them with licenses to the technology, and then resells the patents on the open market. OIN and AST, whose members include Verizon Communications Inc., Cisco Systems Inc. and Hewlett-Packard Co., could announce an agreement as early as this week.

AST won control of the patents in a private auction held by Microsoft. OIN and AST said their cooperation ensures that the Microsoft patents won't end up with patent trolls, leaving some big boosters of Linux potentially exposed. "We have averted a scenario where these patents can be used for negative purposes," said Keith Bergelt, chief executive officer of OIN, which holds on to its patents and broadly licenses them.

Financial terms of the deals aren't being disclosed.

Mr. Bergelt said Microsoft presented the patents to potential bidders in its auction as relating to Linux. A Microsoft executive declined to say how the company described the patents to bidders.

Microsoft's sale of the patents is a new twist in its approach to Linux. Microsoft executives have previously said that the company holds more than 200 patents, out of the company's total portfolio of more than 50,000 patents, that they believe are violated by Linux software. In recent years, Microsoft has entered into patent-licensing pacts with dozens of companies that distribute or use open-source software in their products.

Earlier this year, Microsoft went a step further and filed a lawsuit in federal court in Seattle against the Dutch GPS device maker TomTom NV for allegedly violating Microsoft patents related to Linux, which were used in TomTom navigation products.

That suit, Microsoft's first Linux-related action and its first-ever alleging infringement of a software patent -- caused a stir among open-source advocates who feared Microsoft might be mounting a major legal offensive against Linux users. Microsoft and TomTom subsequently settled the suit for undisclosed terms.

Dave Kaefer, general manager for intellectual-property licensing at Microsoft, disputed allegations by some open-source advocates that the company intended to disrupt the market for Linux products with the sale of the patents, arguing that it wouldn't have sold the patents to AST, a firm whose members also include Linux boosters, if its goal had been disruption.

Mr. Kaefer said the patents, acquired from Silicon Graphics, were sold because they weren't strategic to the company. "They weren't important to our business going forward," he said.

Source:
By NICK WINGFIELD
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125236988735891147.html?mod=googlenews_wsj
[ accessed on 08th Sep, 2009 ] by K.W.Roshan Herath

How to mount an .iso image on Linux

2009-09-01T22:25:00.004+05:30

How to mount an .iso image on Linux

When we use CD/DVD images to burn into a CD/DVD, normally we can't see the files which included inside the CD/DVD without burning them into a CD/DVD. IF you use Linux
Operating System, you never need to burn the .iso file into a CD/DVD to see the files inside the .iso image file.

At first you must have the root user. You can simply do it by typing su on basic linux terminal window ( if you use *buntu system you can type sudo instead of su ) and providing the correct password. Then the prompt will change to the root user.
Then make a directory in /media folder to mount iso files. ( in most linux distros /media is the place which mount CD/DVD. )

Syntax : mkdir /media/folder_name
folder_name should be the name of the folder which used to mount iso files.

Then mount the CD/DVD iso images into the folder which we created before.

Syntax : mount image_file path_to_the_folder -t iso9660 -o loop

image_file is the name of the iso file with the path and .iso extention
path_to_the_folder is the place of the folder which we created
before.

Now you can open the the .iso file as a normal CD/DVD inside the Drive.
To unmount the image file from the location use

umount /media/folder_name

posted by K.W.Roshan Herath [ roshanherath ]

cisco networking academy at vocational training authority srilanka.(vtasl)

2009-08-13T16:14:00.001+05:30

vtasl started cisco ccna networking academy program in kandy , colombo , galle centres in last year. they have fully equiped labs also. you can get more info via website. http://www.vtasl-cisco.com
posted by roshan herath ( roshan herath )

twitter helped me to identify new friends and bloggers.

2009-08-13T16:06:00.001+05:30

before i get an invitation to twitter from litefmsrilanka i didnt know what is twitter and the use of it. but now i know there are several people in srilanka , who are blogging in many languages and help each other if wanted a help. i know now i could get many news and help from following in twitter. last week there was a dos attack and created many problems to twitter. now its okey. hope twitter willnot face such an attack.
...by roshan herath

Cracking Anti-Virus

2009-08-01T20:49:00.003+05:30

what is the use of an Anti-Virus ? How can they protect us from vulnerabilities? Many people don't know what is an Anti-Virus and the role of Anti-Virus. So , they install Anti-Virus on their PCs to protect from viruses. It's good , but they never think to update them. They think “ we have installed an Anti-Virus, we are protected.” but the truth is if the Anti-Virus database is older from 1 second ; it will be dangerous because in every second there are several new viruses joins to the Internet.

Another fact is many people don't like to use free softwares. It's same to about Anti-Viruses. They think free Anti-Virus s will not do their job perfectly and they will not identify viruses. So, they depend on commercial Anti-Virus s. But they never buy any commercial version from the original dealer with license. They use cracking and key-gens to install and register the Anti-Virus. Then how could we expect the actual protection from the original licensed software? There are several holes that cracker or key-gen maker created in the Anti-Virus to ease their several works using our PCs.

Although we update the Anti-Virus database , the Anti-Virus database couldn't find some vulnerabilities due to the holes in the Anti-Virus. Then our PC will be used for DoS, DDoS attacks or as a Zombie.

After they identify there are several viruses and vulnerabilities , they blame to the Original Anti-Virus Manufacturer and change their Anti-Virus to another commercial Anti-Virus, but again it's a pirated copy. Then they use that Anti-Virus till they find their PC contains many viruses and vulnerabilities. Then change the Anti-Virus.

Why people can't use free Anti-Virus softwares that provided by many manufacturers. They provide enough security for the PC, and it's better than using pirated commercial Anti-Virus softwares.

Posted by : Roshan Herath [ roshanherath ]

ISODisk

2009-07-07T09:52:00.005+05:30

An application which allows you to mount and create ISO disk images

ISODisk is an easy-to-use ISO disk image file tool which helps you create virtual CD/DVD driver up to 20 drivers, mount an .ISO disk image and access the files on it as if it were burned to CD or DVD. This free program can quickly create ISO image file from CD/DVD-ROM, with ISODisk, you don't need install any other virtual drive software. Once you map the archive to a virtual drive, you can be able to view the contents in Windows Explorer

Here are some key features of "ISODisk":

· Quickly Mount ISO files with internal virtual drive
· Easy to create ISO file from CD/DVD-ROM

Developer: ISODisk.com

License / Price: Freeware / FREE

Size / OS: 526 KB / Windows All

Last Updated:November 10th, 2008, 15:28 GMT

Category:C: \ CD/DVD Tools \ Virtual CD/DVD-Rom

here is the link

apples and ideas

2009-07-05T08:29:00.003+05:30

If you have an apple and i have an apple ane we exchange apples, then you and I will still each have one apple.
but if you have an idea and I have an idea and we exchange these ideas, then each of us will have two ideas.

-George Bernard Show

LKR 150/= DVD+RW

2009-07-01T09:08:00.003+05:30

I have a habbit to back-UP my data in to disks regularly. Sometimes when I backup my data in to DVD-R s there is more than 2.5 GB free space because I backup my PC monthly. So, I thought to use a DVD+RW to backup data and keep it till I get enough DATA to burn in to a DVD-R. By this I could reduce my cost for DVD-Rs and could use full space on DVD-Rs to burn.
So , I went to Kandy town to buy a DVD+RW. When I ask from one shop , the sales person told me it cost LKR 350/= but they haven't any DVD+RW at that time. So I asked from another shop. The sales person told it cost only LKR 150/= and they have stocks. I'm very happy when I heared that DVD+RW is cost LKR 150/= only. So I bought it to back-up my data in to it.
When I came home I started to burn my backups in to it. But after 3 or 4 successful burns, K3b andBrasero complained some errors on DVD+RW. But it's a DVD+RW and I tried to format it. Again the errors.
After that I used Nero6 on WindowsXP to burn the disk. It's the same as k3b and brasero. Now I have to stick it on the wall and forget about the LKR 150/= that I paid to buy it.
Although I have many experiences about low quality/low price DVD-R s , but I forgot the price of any DVD +RW is depend on the quality and the supported writing speed of the disk, when I buy that DVD+RW.
posted by Roshan Herath ( roshanherath )

Divide php / MySQL result in to several pages with links

2009-07-01T09:05:00.002+05:30

When I design a website I had to use a database inside the site. So I used MySQL database and used php/
MySQL to connect it. Then I got the result via mysql_fetch_array , it shows all results inside the same
page. It's not what I wanted to do. I want to divide the results in to pages and use links to show
results.
I tried to write php commands to succeed my work and I understood it's very hard to write such a program.
So , I ran through the Internet to get php codes to do my work. I found several files that I could use to
my site. But when I try to use them in my site, it I found it's difficult to use them with my site and I
couldn't understand what's the wrong and what happens by/with some codes.
So, I decided to write a code to use in my site. Here it is... You could develop/share and use it as your
own wish. If there is any bug, please correct it and be kind enough to inform me via comment.

posted by K.W. Roshan Herath [ roshanherath ]

sms broke my english

2009-06-09T08:10:00.003+05:30

i used my mobile more than 2 years and it gets 3years on 19th july.
iv typed more than 100sms per month on 1st year and it becomes 0sms per month now. but whats the wrong with my english? when i write english, i write words like i type a sms w/o vowels. when i try to use vowels, i mistype them than before and use dictionary or google to find the correct word.
and another 1 thing. grammer also broken due to sms.
thnx u sms.
- roshan herath

gmail has a cool feature

2009-06-09T07:57:00.003+05:30

i found gmail forward emails to an email address runs equal with equal letters, if there is an email to an unused email address.
what a fantastic feature it is?
i get emails that sends to my gmail and another gmails which equals to my gmail and runs with dots included.
then i tried to log-in-to those address with my gmail password. it logs me into my gmail.
its a good feature coz it prevents ppl frm misspelling gmail addresses.
- roshan herath

photographs and studios in sri lanka.

2009-06-08T20:44:00.002+05:30

i had to get 6passport sized photographs for my class application. so, i went to gelioya town to get my photos because its the nearest town to my home.so i asked frm the girl who was in the studio to get photos. she told me i could get printed photos on thursday. hehe. it gets 7days to print my photos. there r several places to print photos on1hour. then went 2another place and he told me i could get photos on monday.
- roshan herath

My Linux timeline

2009-05-31T10:13:00.005+05:30

I decided to install Linux O/S on my PC on 2004 May because I read an article that saying Linux has every software that we want to use.
So when I went to Kandy city to pay our telephone bill, entered to a CD-Shop and then asked for Linux.

The sales person then given me Redhat-Linux-ver-9 and said it cost LKR250/= because it has 3 CDs. so I paid that fee and came home with Redhat-Linux-9. Then I placed redhat9-cd1 after booting my PC by XP.
Then what I see? The Cd doesn't contain any setup.exe file to install Redhat9 to my pc. Then I went through may folders to find the setup.exe. Where is it? Then I read the html file that introduces Redhat9. I didn't understand anything. So I decided to keep that cds away from my pc.

After some weeks , the CD-Rom on my pc didn't read any cd. So, I made a call to the dealer who sold it to me. Then they told me to open the casing and carry only the CD-ROM to them to check it. I'm new to computers. I didn't even opened a caing of a PC before, and there is a warrenty that given me from the

Dealer. So, I decided to carry whole CPU to the dealer. Then I asked them to install Linux on it and make my PC to dualboot with Linux and XP. They told me they could install Redhat9 and can't install XP to dualboot with it So, they given me some options. Keep my PC runing on XP without installing Redhat9 , dualboot with Redhat9 with windows 98. So, I decided to select the 2nd option because I want to
experience Linux. So, they installed Redhat and Windows 98 on my PC. When I came home , I started to experience the Redhat9. After sometimes I wanted to listen to a song. So, I searched for D:\> drive on my PC, because it's the partition that I copied my favorite music. Where is it? so I placed a MP3 disk and
tried to listen a MP3. It failed. So, what should I do? Said goodbye to Redhat9 and started windows 98. MP3s work well with 98. So, but I don't like the appearence on 98. I decided to format my pc and install windows XP on it. Redhat didn't live on my PC for more than 1 day and I didn't used it more than 1 hour.

Then it's May-2005 and saw an advertisement called a computer magazine cost LKR150/= bundled with free CDROM.

Then I bought that mag and got the free CD. It's knoppix. It made my mind to love Linux because it has many plugins and codecs. Unfortunately, Knoppix is only a Live CD and couldn't setup on a PC.
I remebered Redahat9 again because I can't forget the Look-&-Feel that brought by Knoppix. So, I installed it on my PC. Then waht is the secondary os? I don't have 98 bootable CD to install 98. Then I decided to install XP on my PC and made it dualboot with redhat9. But after some weeks, I got boared abaout Redhat because it couldn't play MP3s. so I said goodbye again to redhat.

I found Ubuntu5.04 from my colege friend. He took LKR200/= to give me Ubuntu5.04 because it has 2 CDs , LiveCD and Setup CD.I didn't know it's a free CD shipping with free of charge. Then I installed it on my PC. It didn't give feeling that I got with Knoppix. So, removed that also. But I collected many Ubuntu and Kubuntu versions by registering with Canonical but didn't used some CDs to boot my PC.
I'm a customer of the it mag which comes with free cd. So , I got a Mepis Linux CD from that mag (july-2005 issue). I stated my pc from it and made my mind to install it. So, I installed it on my PC. I didn't remove it till I found any other Linux.
After my A/L s, I wanted to find another Linux distro. So, I went through many CD shops in Kandy to find one. I got number of funny answers from sales persons. Someone told she didn't heared the word "linux" before I tell it to her.

Got Mandriva Corporate Server 4 for LKR200/= and installed it. But I didnt like it.
Then I found Fedora core 6 DVD for LKR250/= and RHEL5 5cds for LKR350/= on oct-2007. Why I pay for CDs when I could use DVDs. Then I bought FC6. It took my hours to install FC6 on my pc and bored about FC6 from the installation. Then I removed FC6 after using it for some hours and installed Mepis Linux again.Found openSUSE10.0 but sales person told it has some errors, and he didn't explained what are them
and he tried to sell windows XP pirated copy for LKR250/=.

Then I found Mandriva Free 2006 3CD's(on Dec-2006) from Buddhika sir who is in Asian Destination. So I copied that 3 CDs to another 3 CDs coz I must return that 1st copies I got from sir. Then I used that Linux version till I found openSUSE11.0 on Sep-2008.

Found openSUSE11.0, MandrivaFree2009, FC9. I bought openSUSE11.0 and Mandriva free 2009 both DVDs for LKR400/= because I couldn't forget the experience with Fedora. Then I tries to install MandrivaFree2009 because I used MandrivaFree2006 for months. But what I see when boot from MandrivaFree2009 DVD? it's a 64bit version that failed to run on my 32bit PC. Then I installed openSUSE11.0 successfully on my PC.
Till now I use openSUSE11.0 on my PC.
K.W.Roshan Herath - Gelioya , Sri Lanka.

What is called Custom-Subnet-Mask ?

2009-05-28T09:08:00.009+05:30

What is called Custom-Subnet-Mask ?

කස්ටම් සබ්නෙටි මාස්ක් යනු කුමක්ද ?

IP Addressපන්ති / classes in IP Addresses

127.0.0.0 ජාලය localhost / loopback ලිපින සදහා වෙන්කර ඇත.

127.0.0.0 network reserved for localhost /loopback addresses.

private address space / පුද්ගලික හෙවත් අභයන්තර ජාල සදහා වෙන්කර ඇති ලිපින

අපට IP Address ම‌ගින් ද පන්තියට පොදු සබ්නෙටි මාස්ක් එය අදාල ජාල පන්තිය හදුනා ගත හැක

නමුත් පරිගණකය එම ආකාර දෙකම භාවිතා කරමින් IP Address එක අදාල ජාල පන්තිය හදුනා ගැනීම සදහා AND යන බූලියානු ගණිත සමීකරණයට ආදේශ කිරීම සිදු කරයි

People could identify the Class that IP Address belongs to by octets of the IP Address and as well as by the Subnet mask.

For your computer to determine the network and subnet portion of an IP address it must “AND” the IP address with the subnet mask.

AND බූලියානු ගණිත සමීකරණය / ANDING Equations

1 AND 1 = 1

1 AND 0 = 0

0 AND 1 = 0

0 AND 0 = 0

ANDබූලියානු ගණිත සමීකරණය භාවිතා කර Custom සබ්නෙටි මාස්ක් සෑදීම.

Making custom subnet-masks using ANDING Equations.

අප ජාල 16 කට බෙදා ඇති 192.168.10.0 යන ජාලය උදාහරණලෙස ලෙස සැලකූ විට ඇතුලත ජාලයෙහි /localnetwork එකෙහි පරිගණක හා ඇතුලත ජාලයට අදාල ජාලගතකිරීමේ උපකරණ මගින් එම උප ජාල හදුනාගත්තද ජාලයෙන් පිටත එනම් අන්තර්ජාලයේ (internet/www) පරිගණක හා ජාලගතකිරීමේ උපකරණ මගින් හදුනාගනුයේ 192.168.10.0 ජාලය පමණි.

ඇතුලත ජාලය උප ජාල වලට බෙදිම සදහා custom සබ්නෙටි මාස්ක් යොදා ගත හැක. මේ සදහා සබ්නෙටි මාස්ක් එකෙහි Networkකොටසට host කොටසින් bits කිපයක් ලබා ගනි. පරිගණකය IP Address එක අදාල පන්තිය හදුනා ගැනිමට AND යන බූලියානු ගණිත සමීකරණයට ආදේශ කිරීම සිදු කරයි.

When you take a single network such as 192.100.10.0 and divide it into 16 smaller networks ,the outside world still sees the network as 192.100.10.0, but the internal computers and routers see 16 smaller subnetworks. Each independent of the other. This can only be accomplished by using a custom subnet mask. A custom subnet mask borrows bits from the host portion of the address to create a subnetwork address between the network and host portions of an IP address. In this example each range has 14 usable addresses in it. The computer must still AND the IP address against the custom subnet mask to see what the network portion is and which subnetwork it belongs to.

192.168.10.0 යන ජාලය උදාහරණලෙස ලෙස සැලකූ විට එක් උප ජාලයක පරිගණක 14 ක් සදහා IP Address ලැබී ඇත.

In this example (192.168.10.0) each range has 14 usable addresses in it.

උප ජාල ගණන හා එක් උප ජාලයකට යෙදිය හැකි පරිගණක ගණන සොයාගන්නේ කෙසේද ?

How to determine the number of subnets and the number of hosts per subnet ?

උදාහරණලෙස bits 4 ක් ජාල / network කොටසට ගත්තේ නම් සෑදෙන උප ජාල ගණන 2 හි 4 වන හි ගුණාකාරය හෙවත් 2x2x2x2=16 කි.

මෙවිට host කොටසේ ඉතිරිව ඇති bit ගණන 8-4=4 කි. එනම් එක් උප ජාලයකට යෙදිය හැකි පරිගණක ගණන 2 හි 4 වන ගුණාකාරය හෙවත් 2x2x2x2=16 කි.

Both formulas calculate the number of hosts or subnets based on the number of binary bits

used. For example if you borrow three bits from the host portion of the address use the

number of subnets formula to determine the total number of subnets gained by borrowing the

three bits. This would be 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16 subnets .

To determine the number of hosts per subnet you would take the number of binary bits used in

the host portion and apply this to the number of hosts per subnet formula If five bits are in the

host portion of the address this would be 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 32 hosts.

නමුත් මතක තබාගතයුතු කරුණක් වන්නේ මෙහිදී සෑදෙන උප ජාල ගණන හා එක් උප ජාලයකට යෙදිය හැකි පරිගණක ගණන සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ඒ සදහා යොදාගත නොහැකි බවයි.

ඒ සෑදෙන පළමු උප ජාලය එනම් 192.168.10.0 න් ආරම්භ වී 192.168.10.15 න් අවසන් වන ජාලය ද 192.168.10.240 න් ආරම්භ වී 192.168.10.255 න් අවසන් වන ජාලය ද පරිගණක සදහා යොදාගත නොහැක. ඊට හේතුව කුමක්දැයි තේරුමි ගැනීමට 192.168.10.0 හා 192.168.10.255 යන අගයන් දෙක පමණක් සෑහේ.

192.168.10.0 යනු සම්පූර්ණ ජාලයටම අදාල ජාල ලිපිනයයි (Network Address). 192.168.10.255 යනු සම්පූර්ණ ජාලයටම අදාල විකාශණ (broadcast) ලිපිනයයි. මේ ආකාරයටම සෑම උපජාලයකම ආරම්භක ලිපිනයද අවසාන ලිපිනයද එම උප ජාලයට අදාලව පිළිෙවලින් ජාල ලිපිනය (Network Address) හා ජාලයටම අදාල විකාශණ (broadcast) ලිපිනය වේ.

මේ නිසා යොදාගත හැකි උප ජාල ගණනද එම උප ජාලලෙස සදහා යොදාගත හැකි පරිගණක ගණනද සෑමවිටම ගණනයෙන් ලැබෙන අගයට වඩා 2කින් අඩු අගයකි.

එනම් මෙම 192.168.10.0. ලිපිනයට අදාලව සෑදෙන උප ජාල ගණන 16 වුවද ඉන් උපජාල සදහා යොදාගත හැක්කේ උපජාල 14 කි. ඒ ආකාරයටම සෑදෙන උප ජාලයක භාවිතකල හැකි පරිගණක ගණන 14ක් වේ.

When dealing with the number of hosts per subnet you have to subtract two addresses from

the range. The first address in every range is the subnet number. The last address in every

range is the broadcast address. These two addresses cannot be assigned to any device in

the network which is why you have to subtract two addresses to find the number of usable

addresses in each range.

In some instances the first and last subnet range of addresses are reserved. This is similar to

the first and last host addresses in each range of addreses.

The first range of addresses is the zero subnet. The subnet number for the zero subnet is

also the subnet number for the classful subnet address.

The last range of addresses is the broadcast subnet. The broadcast address for the last

subnet in the broadcast subnet is the same as the classful broadcast address.

මෙහිදී යොදාගෙන අෑති 192.168.10.0 යන ලිපිනයට අදාල ගණනයකිරිම් උදාහරණ ලෙස පමණක් යොදාගත් බව සලකන්න.

අයිතිය (copyright reserved to) / උපුටාගැනීම‌ - IP Addressing and Sub netting workbook ( Student version ) 2.0

created by Roshan Herath using OpenOffice.Org 3.0 on AMD AthlonXP system running by openSUSE Linux 11.0

shared bandwith service - GPRS

2009-05-26T20:50:00.003+05:30

GPRS is a shared bandwith service offered by mobile service providers and they charge us for data that we downloaded and uploaded. service providers share the same line(ip address) to provide data access. so, they charge more than for data that used by me, when network got busy. i think they shares same ip as well as the data usage with others and thats why they charge for unused data from me.
i cant imagine another reason.

we salute our heroes.

2009-05-17T12:49:00.003+05:30

one flag , one country + one nation called SRILANKANS.
today is a historical day.
WE SALUTES OUR HEROES.

Port Mirroring on Cisco - Monitoring the network

2009-05-15T08:55:00.001+05:30

Port Mirroring on Cisco - Monitoring the network

Posted using ShareThis

do we need to buy what they sell and why we cudnt buy what we want if we pay for it?

2009-05-07T14:23:00.003+05:30

when we want something , we enter to a shop and ask what we want. but salesman try to sell what we dont want by neglecting what we want.
is it marketting?
then why we pay for it if we select what we never want and dont like to use.
they controls the market by selling what they could get more profit. they never think about the quality of the items and what is the request of the customer. Y V CUDNT BUY AMD , instead of INTEL if WE PAY FOR IT?

wishes for a HAPPY EASTER + SINHALA-HINDU NEW YEAR for all !

2009-04-12T07:02:00.002+05:30

best wishes for a HAPPY EASTER + HAPPY and PROSPEROUS SINHALA-HINDU NEW YEAR for EVERYONE !

o3magazine - open source magazine on pdf

2009-01-25T06:55:00.002+05:30

http://www.o3magazine.com
is a magazine related to OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARES and IT'S FREELY AVAILABLE AS PDF.

new year

2008-12-31T11:06:00.001+05:30

merry christmas and happy holidays...

2008-12-24T05:45:00.003+05:30

best wishes for merry christmas and happy holidays...

cisco srilanka

2008-12-20T09:40:00.002+05:30

http://vtasl-cisco.com

openSUSE is the new and improved SUSE Linux.

2008-12-10T10:57:00.003+05:30

The openSUSE project is a worldwide community program sponsored by Novell (http://www.novell.com) that promotes the use of Linux everywhere. openSUSE Linux provides anyone with free and easy access to the world's most usable Linux distribution, SUSE Linux.

From Windows/Dos to Linux

2008-12-10T10:25:00.004+05:30

You want to switch from the DOS/Windows world to Linux?

Good idea: Linux is technically superior to DOS, Windows 9x and even Windows NT.
But beware: it might not be useful for you. These are the main differences between DOS/Windows and Linux:

• Windows runs Microsoft Office and lots of games; is perceived to be easy to install and configure; is notoriously unstable; performs poorly; crashes are frequent.
• Linux runs StarOffice, scores of technical software and fewer games; can be tricky to install and
configure; is rock solid; performs impeccably; crashes are extremely rare.

It's up to you to decide what you need. Furthermore, Linux gives you power, but it takes some time to learn how to harness it. Thus, if mostly need commercial sw, or if you don't feel like learning new commands and
concepts, you had better look elsewhere. Be aware that many newcomers give up because of initial difficulties.

Work is underway to make Linux simpler to use, but don't expect to be proficient with it unless you read a lot
of documentation and use it at least for a few months. Linux won't give you instant results. In spite of these warnings, I'm 100% confident that if you are the right user type you'll find in Linux your computer Nirvana. By the way, Linux + DOS/Win can coexist happily on the same machine.

You installed Linux and the programs you needed on the PC. You gave yourself an account (if not, type adduser yournamenow!) and Linux is running. You've just entered your name and password, and now you are looking at the screen thinking: ``Well, now what?'' Now, don't despair. You're almost ready to do the same things you used to do with DOS/Win, and many more.
If you were running DOS/Win instead of Linux, you would be doing some of the following tasks:
• running programs and creating, copying, viewing, deleting, printing, renaming files;
• CD'ing, MD'ing, RD'ing, and DIR'ring your directories;
• formatting floppies and copying files from/to them;
• tailoring the system;
• surfing the Internet;
• writing .BAT files and programs in your favourite language;
• the remaining 1%.

You'll be glad to know that these tasks can be accomplished under Linux in a fashion similar to DOS. Under DOS, the average user uses very few of the 100+ commands available: the same, up to a point, applies to
Linux. Introductory Concepts The best way to learn something new is to get your feet wet.

You are strongly encouraged to experiment and play with Linux:
unless you login as ``root'', you can't damage the system that way.

A few points:
• first of all, how to quit Linux safely. If you see a text mode screen, press , wait for the system to reboot, then switch off the PC. If you are working under X Window System, press first, then . Never switch off or reset the PC directly: this could damage the file system;
• unlike DOS or Windows, Linux has built−in security mechanisms. Files and directories have permissions associated to them; as a result, some cannot be accessed by the normal user. DOS and Windows, on the contrary, will let you wipe out the entire contents of your hard disk;
• there's a special user called ``root'': the system administrator, with full power of life and death on the machine. If you work on your own PC, you'll be root as well. Working as root is dangerous: any mistake can seriously damage or destroy the system just like with DOS/Windows. Don't work as root unless absolutely necessary;
• much of the complexity of Linux comes from its extreme configurability: virtually every feature and every application can be tailored through one or more configuration files. Complexity is the price to pay for power;
• redirection and piping are a side DOS feature, a very inportant one and much more powerful under Linux. Simple commands can be strung together to accomplish complex tasks. I strongly suggest that you learn how to use them.

about me

2008-11-30T06:08:00.002+05:30

hi 4 all, I'm Roshan Herath from Sri Lanka. I'm 21years old n w8n 2 my A/L results.

nformati - Roshan Herath . Gelioya ( Sri Lanka ).

Why we Forward emails?????

why people fall in love?

it's hard to do studies while doing a job.

don't beg for the love if she/he don't care about you

thank you for calling sri lanka telecom call center.

thank you for calling sri lanka telecom call center. I'll add a reminder for your complain sir..so funny.just complain.then call them everyday to add reminders till the work get done.

sir, there could be a location problem that you use your mobitel 3G connection

An interview with a journalist...(dream)

happy new year for all "Sri Lankans" and "the people who celebrates it"

Design your blogger template by yourself

How to control your privacy in facebook?

Rise Up - by Yves Larock

Friend or Foe - by TATU

effectiveness & efficiency and the use of them

Programming best practices

A new day has come...

Lyrics - Mandy Moore - Cry

Lyrics- Celine Dion - Eyes On Me

Pros and Cons of the HTML

How networking helps to a bank ...

The future computer in 10 years of time

I would like to wish you for the year 2010

generate/create powerful/customized passwords using the command " pwgen " on Linux Command Line

pwgen භාවිතා කර Linux command line එකෙන් මුරපද හදමු.

php හි Operators භාවිතා කිරීම. ( Comparison Operators - සංසන්දනය කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන Operators )

php හි Operators භාවිතා කිරීම. ( Arithmetic Operators - ගණිතමය කාර්යයන් සදහා භාවිතා කරන Operators )

php හි Operators භාවිතා කිරීම. ( Assignment Operators - අිදෙශ කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන Operators )

How to use "Huawei e156G HSDPA" on Linux ( tested with openSUSE 11.0 )

හුවාවි e156G ඩොංගලය openSUSE සමග භාවිතා කිරීම.

Php තුළදී variable භාවිතා කිරීම.

Web page එකකට php අැතුලත් කිරීම.

PHP Manual

You and I ( Finding t.A.T.u. )

slt-mobitel 3g weekly delight

Don't you like to get free outgoing calls from SLT-Mobitel(+9471) to Dialog(+9477) at Sri Lanka.

who is “hacker” and who is “cracker” ?

හැකර් කියන්නේ කාටද ? එතකොට කවුද ක්රැකර් කියන්නේ ?

happy halloween.

hit counter on my blog

hiring System program in java ( Command Line Interface )

how to read unicode fonts in opera mini.

a program that would read a number and the base of the number system and print the equivalent decimal value ( for many bases) using Integer.pasrseInt

a program that would read a number and the base of the number system and print the equivalent decimal value

Broadband technologies

DSL ( Digital subscriber line )

ADSL-Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

SDSL

HDSL

HDSL-2

ISDN Digital Subscriber Line

VDSL

Internet connectivity mechanisms

The history of the Internet in brief

Note to new Linux users: No antivirus needed

Group of Microsoft Rivals Nears Patent Deal in Bid to Protect Linux

How to mount an .iso image on Linux

cisco networking academy at vocational training authority srilanka.(vtasl)

twitter helped me to identify new friends and bloggers.

Cracking Anti-Virus

ISODisk

apples and ideas

LKR 150/= DVD+RW

Divide php / MySQL result in to several pages with links

sms broke my english

gmail has a cool feature

photographs and studios in sri lanka.

My Linux timeline

What is called Custom-Subnet-Mask ?

shared bandwith service - GPRS

we salute our heroes.

Port Mirroring on Cisco - Monitoring the network

do we need to buy what they sell and why we cudnt buy what we want if we pay for it?

wishes for a HAPPY EASTER + SINHALA-HINDU NEW YEAR for all !

o3magazine - open source magazine on pdf

new year

merry christmas and happy holidays...

cisco srilanka

openSUSE is the new and improved SUSE Linux.

From Windows/Dos to Linux

thank you for calling sri lanka telecom call center. I'll add a reminder for your complain sir..

so funny.
just complain.
then call them everyday to add reminders till the work get done.